Morality and Obligation Essay

1. Two preliminary steps taken, that may be necessary, before one can intuitively appreciate the rightness of an action are thinking fully about the consequences of an action. In other words, think before you act. Also give thought (consideration) to the persons involved in said action or your relation(ship) with the persons involved. 2. An action is considered morally good in addition to being right when it is the right thing to do, while also stemming from a good place. When the person or â€Å"agent† performs said act because it is right, from a feeling of obligation, a morally good act is also right. 3. According to Prichard, an action done from a sense of obligation, there is no purpose â€Å"consisting either in the action itself or in anything which it will produce†. A motive, being something that moves one to act, can be the sense of obligation, an action done from a sense of obligation can indeed have a motive. 4. Avirtuous act is done from a desire that is intrinsically good. A moral act may be done from obligation. There can’t be an obligation to act virtuously, because we can only â€Å"feel an obligation to act† or do something. We cannot, however, feel an obligation to act from a certain desire 5. It is a mistake to expect moral philosophy to prove through argumentation that we ought to fulfill our obligations, because moral rightness â€Å"cannot be demonstrated, only apprehended directly by an act of moral thinking†. The sense of obligation is a result of a moral thought or thoughts. Moral philosophy can provide reflection on the â€Å"immediacy of our knowledge of moral rightness† and the intuitive recognition of the goodness of the virtues.

Arizona Constitution

The American constitution plays a crucial role in delegating of laws in the country and it governs all citizens. On the other hand, a state’s constitution serves a similar purpose but only under the state’s jurisdiction. This constitution is the basis for other state laws including those of other sections of the state government. This implies that all the laws outlined by this constitution affect its organization, operations and maintenance. Actions carried out outside the constitutional boundaries are considered to be illegal. As such, the Arizona constitution has endeavored to effectively guide the State of Arizona by impacting on the state’s counties, schools, municipalities and corporations. This paper will discuss these distinct effects. In essence, the State of Arizona constitution sets boundaries for all laws within the state. In Article 12 of the Arizona constitution, the issue of counties has been clearly addressed. This article is detailed with guidelines regarding various aspects of counties. The county is hereby defined and its fundamental roles displayed. For instance in section 3 of this article, specifications are made on county officers, their election and term of office. A county is depicted to be inclusive of such officers like the sheriff, county attorney, treasurer, and superintendent of schools, a recorder and supervisors (Arizona State Legislature, 2007). These officers occupy these positions for a period of four years and this predicts when they cease to serve the people of Arizona. The article also specifies on the election of these officers, their qualifications, duties and powers. This ensures the effective use of the law when there are individuals or groups of people embarked on using corrupt and selfish means. Furthermore, citizens within a particular county are empowered to elect leaders of their choice and also in the enactment of county charters. Ideally, when the county’s citizens implore for the collection of taxes it must be done under the provision of the county charters. This protects citizens from unfair imposition of taxes. Municipalities are also subject to the jurisdiction of the Arizona constitution. As outlined by McClory (2001), Article 13 of the said constitutions dictates the conditions for the creation of municipalities. Section 1 of the article notes that the municipalities are not created by any special laws but by the existing legislature. The constitution mandates the minimal population for any city’s or town’s elevation into a municipality as 3,500 residents. Only then can these residents elect a board of freeholders which further develops a charter for the creation of the municipality. Again, the constitution explicitly leaves the role of enacting such crucial decisions to the citizens. Only after they have voted and a majority of the citizens having voted in favor of the charter is it passed. The Arizona constitution also gives municipalities the right to engage in business or entrepreneurial activities as stated in Article 13, section 5. This positively impacts on the municipality especially since such enterprises like garbage collection and waste disposal for all households can work positively in the municipal’s development. Apart from Municipalities, the Arizona constitution has also made provisions for other corporations. In Arizona State Legislature (2007) Article 14, Section 1 outlines a substantial definition of corporations to include associations and companies which possess powers and privileges not possessed by sole individuals or partnerships. In addition, these entities are individualized and empowered to sue others and be sued in return. This makes it simple for citizens who have qualms with such corporations to seek the intervention of the law since they are treated as such entities under the law. As constitution directs the procedures and requirements for the formation of corporations, it similarly warns that failure to incorporate these conditions will make corporations non viable and their claims inadmissible in courts. Corporations are also limited by this article in their capacity to fund political actions and endeavors. Article 15 also addresses the same issue of corporations only its concern is on public service commissions. It is in this regard that this Article establishes the Arizona Corporation Commission (Arizona Corporation Commission, 2010). As entities formed with the sole purpose of offering necessary services to citizens, the commissions perform the role of regulating and providing public utilities. The constitution also indicates that these corporations are under state regulation which aids in creating accountability and effective operations in these bodies. Finally, public education in Arizona is also another area which is strictly controlled by the Arizona constitution. This is inclusive of all types of schools be it elementary, middle or high schools. Included in this lot are also colleges and universities. In Article 11, these schools’ conduct and supervision is delegated to a board of education, superintendent of public instruction, among other governing bodies as per the law. The constitution has served citizens with low income earnings as it provides for the establishment of free schools. Furthermore, it also facilitates the acquisition of permanent state school funds which in Article 11, Section 8, should be derived from the sale of school lands, from estate shares and any bequests made to the state for educational purposes (Arizona State Legislature, 2010). Gifford and Hunter (2000) emphasize the integral role of constitutional provisions for school funding on the effectiveness of the public education system. Its impeccable endeavor to safeguard the wellbeing of the visually and hearing impaired has also ensured their appropriate treatment in their search for education.

Chapter 9

Chapter 9 closing case Ashford University BUS 650 Managerial Finance When should Bunyan Lumber, harvest the forest? The cash flow will grow at the inflation rate of 3. 7%. Utilizing the real cash flow formula (1+R) =v (1+R)(1+H) 1. 10 = (1+R)(1. 037) R= 6. 08% The conservation funds are anticipated to grow slower than the inflation rate. The return for the conservation fund will be, (1+R) = (1+R) (1+H) 1. 10 = (1+R) (1. 032) R= 6. 5% The cash flow from the thinning process is as follow, Cash flow from thinning = Acres thinned x cash flow per acre Cash flow from thinning = 7,500 ($1,200) Cash flow from thinning = $9,000,000 Thinning beyond the initial thinning is conducted on a schedule and can be included. After tax cost of the conservation fund will be, After tax conservation fund cost = (1†C. 35) ($250,000) After tax conservation fund cost = $162,500 For each analysis the cost and revenue are; Revenue [ E (% of grade )(harvest per acre)(value of board game)](acres harvested) (1†C defect rate) Tractor cost = (Cost MBF)(MBF per acre)(acres) Road cost = (Cost MBF)(MBF per acre)(acres) Sale preparation and administration = (Cost MBF) (MBF acre) (acres) It is assumed that there is no depreciation as a result of the harvest. This is an indicator that operating cash flow is equal to net income. The NPV of the thinning, the NPV of all future harvests, minus the present value of  the conservation fund costs. Revenue $39,800,250 Tractor cost 7,200,000 Road 2,700,000 Sale preparation & admin 945,000 Excavator piling 1,200,000 Broadcast burning 2,287,500 Site preparation 1162,500 Planting costs 1,800,000 EBIT $22,505,250 Taxes 7,876,838 Net income (OCF) $ 4,628,413 First harvest after 20 years PV First = $14,628,413/ (1+ . 0608)20 PV First = $4,496,956 Projection of thinning after 40 years 40-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)40] ? C1 0-year project interest rate = 958. 17% 40-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)40] ? C1 40-year conservation interest rate =1,183. 87% Present value of future thinning on this schedule, which will be; PV Harvest = [($ 14,628,413/9. 5817)] / (1+ . 0608)20 PV Harvest = $469,325. 52 Present value of conservation funds deposit PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C$162, 500/11. 8387 PV Conservation = ? C$176. 226. 22 Current value of conservation PV Conservation = ? C$176,226. 22/ (1+ . 0659)20 PV Conservation = ? C$49,182. 52 NPV of a 40-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $4,496,956 + 939,286. 45 + 469,325. 52 ? C9,182. 52 NPV = $5,856,385. 9 45-year harvest schedule: Revenue $55,462,853 Tractor cost $9,840,000 Road $3,690,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,291,500 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs $1,800,000 EBIT $34,191,353 Taxes $11,966,973 Net income (OCF) $22,224,379 The PV of the first harvest in 25 years is: PV first = $22,224,379/ (1+ . 0608) 25PVFirst = $5, 087, 23 45 year interest rate 45-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)45] ? C1 45-year project interest rate =1,321. 11% 45 year interest rate for the conservation fund 45-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)45] ? C1 5-year conservation interest rate = 1,666. 38% PV of future thinning PV Thinning = $9,000,000/13. 111 PV Thinning = $681,246. 84 Utilizing the OCF of $22,024,504, the PV are as follow, PV Harvest = [($22,224,379/13. 21111)] / (1+ . 0608)25 PV Harvest = $385,073. 30 The present value of these deposits is: PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/16. 6638 PV Conservation = ? C$174,800. 29 NPV of a 45-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $5,087,231+ 681. 246. 84 + 385,073. 30 ? C 35, 458, 26 NPV = $6, 1118,092. 40 50-year harvest schedule: Revenue $64,610,783 Tractor cost $11,280,000 Road $4,230,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,480,500 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs $1,800,000 EBIT $41,170,283 Taxes $14,409,599 Net income (OCF) $26,760,684 The PV of the first harvest in 30 years is: PV First = $26,760,684/ (1+ . 0608)30 First = $4,561,202 The effective 50-year interest rate for the project is: 50-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)50] ? C1 50 year project interest rate=1,808. 52% 50 year interest rate for the conservation funds 50-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)50] ? C1 50-year conservation interest rate = 2,330. 24% Present value of future thinning on this schedule, which will be PV Thinning = $9,000,000/18. 0852 PV Thinning = $497,644. 82 The operating cash flow from each harvest on the 50-year schedule is $26,531,559, so the present value of the cash flows from the harvest are: PV Harvest = [($26,760,684/18. 0852] / (1+ . 0608)30 PV Harvest = $497,644. 82 Present value of the conservation fund deposits PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/23. 3024 PVConservation? C$171,485. 25 Today’s conservation value PV Conservation = ? C$171,485. 25/ (1+ . 0659)30 PV Conservation = ? C$25,283. 50 NPV of a 50-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $4,561,202 + 497,644. 82 + 252,206. 52 ? C 25,283. 0 NPV = $5,285,770. 21 55-year harvest schedule: Revenue $72,972,113 Tractor cost $12,600,000 Road $4,725,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,653,750 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs$1,800,000 EBIT $47,543,363 Taxes $16,640,177 Net income (OCF) $30,903,186 First harvest in 35 years PV First =$30,903,186/ (1+ . 0608)35 PV First = $3,922,074 Thinning 55 years from today: 55-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)55] ? C1 55-year project interest rate = 2,463. 10 55 year conservation fund 55-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)55] ? C1 5-year conservation interest rate = 3,243. 60% Present value of future thinning: PV Thinning = $9,000,000/24. 6310 PV Thinning = $365,392. 74 Present values of the cash flows from the harvest are: PV Harvest = [($30,903,186/24. 6310] / (1+ . 0608)35 PV Harvest = $159,233. 03 Present value of the conservation fund deposits: PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/32. 4360 PV Conservation = ? C$169,097. 37 Today’s value of the conservation fund PV Conservation = ? C$169,097. 37/(1+ . 0659)35 PV Conservation = ? C$18,121. 00 NPV of a 55-year harvest schedule NPV = $3,922,074 + 365,392. 74 +159,233. 03 ? C18, 121. 00 NPV = $4,428,578. 40

Visual rhitoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual rhitoric - Essay Example Perhaps the most notable modern day company using this advertising approach is Apple, Inc. This essay examines the visual rhetoric behind Apple’s ‘Think different’ print advertisement arguing that it functions as a means of inspiring the consumer and positioning Apple, Inc. as an alternative to other forms of computer technology. The Apple ‘Think different’ print advertisement is one element of a large-scale marketing approach that also included a variety of television advertisements. The advertisement was originally featured in mainstream publications such as Time and Newsweek (Isaacson). One of the reasons I chose this advertisement is because it is an aspect of visual rhetoric that I readily identify with. I find the message inspiring, even while I recognize that it functions as means of capitalizing on my consumer status. In these regards, I am intrigued by its message and means of ‘inspiring’ or perhaps manipulating me into buying Apple, Inc. products. Indeed, Steve Jobs once noted that, â€Å"Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact, and that is - everything around you that you call life, was made up by people that were no smarter than you. And you can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use† ("YouTube") . Within this advertisement are emotions that engender this perspective and both motivate the consumer towards purchasing Apple products and using them change things. This specific print advertisement, figure 1, is unique in that it is highly minimalistic. As can be seen the advertisement contains a black background with the Apple logo and the phrase ‘Think different’ featured underneath the logo. Still, it’s clear there are a number of complex rhetorical elements at work within this design. The first consideration is the Apple logo itself. This logo has been a part of the Apple corporation since its inception in the early 1980s. In these

Analysing the learning and development strategies of an existing Case Study

Analysing the learning and development strategies of an existing organisation - Case Study Example Reference is made specifically to learning and development (L&D), a tool used by managers in most organizations for increasing employee performance. In practice, it seems that firms choose different approaches for promoting L&D. The various aspects of learning and development are analyzed and evaluated in this paper. The case of Wal-Mart is used as an example to show the level at which L&D can promote organizational success. Table of contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Learning and Development strategies in Wal-Mart 4 2.1 Overview of Learning and Development strategies in Wal-Mart 4 2.2 Is L&D in Wal-Mart strategic? 6 2.2.1 Characteristics of L&D in modern organizations 6 2.2.2 When L&D is strategic? 7 2.2.3 At what level L&D in Wal-Mart is strategic? 8 2.3 How is learning and development delivered in Wal-Mart? 9 2.3.1 Common methods for the delivery of L&D in modern organizations 9 2.3.2 L&D delivery in Wal-Mart 10 2.3.3 Problems in regard to the delivery of L&D in Wal-Mart 11 2.4 Is L&D in Wal-Mart effective? 12 2.4.1 Which are the common criteria of effectiveness of a L&D scheme? 12 2.4.2 Is L&D in Wal-Mart effective? 12 2.5 Evaluation of existing L&D strategies in Wal-Mart. 13 3. Conclusion 15 4. Recommendations 17 References 18 Appendix 21 1. Introduction The incorporation of effective learning and development (L&D) strategies in modern organizations can ensure that their activities will be effectively supported in regard to all their phases (Armstrong 2008, p.175). According to Armstrong (2008), L&D, as developed in companies with different characteristics, focuses on the development of a learning culture and the promotion of organizational learning’ (Armstrong 2008, p.175). Organizations that emphasize on L&D become ‘learning organizations’ (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell 1991, cited in Fee 2011, p. 44), a term used for describing those organizations that ‘facilitates the learning of all its members’ (Fee 2011, p. 44). The charac teristics and the role of L&D are presented in this study. Reference is made to a particular organization, Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart, a US-based firm, has particular emphasized on L&D, as a tool for securing its position in the global market. The review of the firm’s L&D strategies has led to the following assumption: the organization’s current efforts for promoting L&D can be characterized as satisfactory. However, it is clear that more initiatives would be taken, especially since the organization is interested in further improving its position in the global market, as explained in the sections that follow. 2. Learning and Development strategies in Wal-Mart 2.1 Overview of Learning and Development strategies in Wal-Mart In order to evaluate the effectiveness of L&D strategies of Wal-Mart it is necessary to review the key aspects of L&D, as developed in the particular organization. Then, the particular aspects of the firm’s L&D schemes, such as the methods of delivery, the problems involved and the level of effectiveness can be discussed and appropriately analyzed. According to the organization’s website, in Wal-Mart L&D is a continuous process, and not just a tool for periodically supporting the organizational performance (Wal-Mart, Careers 2012). In the context of the hiring process, a profile is developed for every employee entering the organization (Wal-Mart, Career

Judicial Activism and Constitutional Interpretation Assignment

Judicial Activism and Constitutional Interpretation - Assignment Example The United States of America has a checking system of judicial activism to ensure that it is minimal and public interests are mostly protected. According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law, judicial activism is "the practice in the judiciary of protecting or expanding individual rights through decisions that depart from established precedent or are independent of or in opposition to supposed constitutional or legislative intent". The supporters of judicial interpretations have different philosophies and the most debated among them are strict constructionists and those who believe in the living constitution.   A strict constructionist is one who believes that the words and phrases used in the law and constitution are static and hence there are limited instances of interpretations. U.S. Supreme Court nominee John Roberts has been dubbed a "strict constructionist" -- someone who believes the U.S. Constitution should be interpreted exactly as its original authors intended† (Chadwick Alex).   The main outcome of this philosophy is that judgment is based on what is written in the law and not on what it should be. Some of the popular supporters of this argument include the Supreme Court of the United States Justice Hugo Black and former U.S. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, and Chief Justice of Australia, Owen Dixon. In contrast to the strict constructionism, living constitutionalists are of the view that the law words and phrases are not static and should be treated as living and dynamic and they must be interpreted in such a manner that they are useful for the changing societal needs. As opined by David Dieteman on a living constitution, it is â€Å"one of the most nefarious influences in the minds of Americans is the notion that the federal constitution of 1787 (the "U.S. Constitution") is a "living" document† (Dieteman David). Therefore, the words and phrases in the law and constitution framed by Congress do not mean the same thing at different time points.  

Nelson Mandela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nelson Mandela - Research Paper Example Nelson Mandela’s rejection of the offer of conditional amnesty made by Botha, the second was Nelson Mandela’s search for a way to make peace after the assassination of Chris Hani, and the third was Nelson Mandela’s refusal to stand as president for a second term. Because of these decisions, Nelson Mandela not only served as a successful political leader, but also earned a lot of respect in the eyes of people of his own nation as well as the whole world in general. The African National Congress was in much need of a sturdier measure against the apartheid government. The armed wing launched by Nelson Mandela helped attack the apartheid government. Today, he is remembered as a very successful political leader and people study his leadership tenure to learn lessons for effective and successful leadership. Nelson Mandela can be considered as a great leader because he is the pioneer of the modern South Africa. The influence of Nelson Mandela on the political scenario of South Africa today is huge. Nelson Mandela was very popular among the South Africans. Many people of his nation called him Madiba that was the traditional clan name of Nelson Mandela. He was also known by the word Tata, which is used to refer to father in the tribe of Xhosa (Karimi, 2013). He struggled for freedom tirelessly, which earned Nelson Mandela the respect of not only his own people, but also the whole world at large. He is popular for his passion, humanity, and humility. Nelson Mandela saw the armed fight as a mechanism of defense against the violence inflicted by the government. He said, â€Å"My people, Africans, are turning to deliberate acts of violence and of force against the government in order to persuade the government, in the only language which this government shows by its own behavior that it understands†¦If there is no dawning of sanity on the part of the government -- ultimately, the dispute between the government and my people will finish up by being settled in violence and

Corn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Corn - Research Paper Example They recommendations section in particular gives information regarding the observations identified in the research. The conclusion and summary provide a recap of the notable findings of the research. The paper uses information from different sources including the ERS and USDA to support the information delivered in the paper. The sources are cited using the APA format of citations and referencing. Corn also known as Zea mays in its scientific name is an essential cereal that is believed to have originated from the Western Hemisphere. Many people believe that corn originated from the Mexico and southern Argentina while others suggest its origin as the valleys of Mexico. Many theories of its origin have been created, only two of them get serious consideration nowadays. The first one is the teosinte theory of the wild progenitor of corn. The other is the theory of the wild pod corn that is now extinct. The theory suggested that corn was domesticated by ancestors. Many scholars and students accept the first theory, but others are equally convinced that the second is right. Apart from its possible position in the origin of corn, the first theory has had significant impact on its evolution. Specifically in Mexico, introgression between teosinte and corn has mostly occurred for many years and is continuous to this day (Peckham, 2001). The effects are not real in the cytology and morphology of both species. There exists a reason to accept that genes for resistance to particular viruses have brought corn to its introgression with teosinte. Origin of corn might never be clearly known with certainty. A major reason is that the suggestion purporting to explain the origin cannot be tested through experiments. Therefore, science may perhaps be better used if less attention is accorded to determine the origin of corn and more to comprehension of the variability existing within the species (Murray, 2007). Regardless of its origin, corn has proved to be

Business Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Organization - Essay Example More flexible: Even though an LLC should file all its articles with the national government, it has a more flexible management as compared to a corporation. In this regard, this permits the business owner to develop a structure based on the needs of the business owners. Little compliance issues: In most cases, an LLC does not require an annual general meeting or a board of directors. In addition, there is less paperwork as well as record keeping needed in comparison to a corporation. With regard to building capital, unlike corporations that issue stock so as to increase funds for their companies, limited liability companies have to put in more effort to look for investors along with other sources of capital. Percentage of ownership: The partners should record the amount of money each partner contributes to the partnership before its opening. These contributions are utilized as the basis of ownership percentage. Death of a partner: If a partner dies or leaves the partnership there is a need to have a buy or sale agreement. It outlines a method by which the partnership interest will be valued and interest purchased. Being a great place for the people to work in addition to developing responsible citizens by supporting and building sustainable communities, and getting the customer’s associate the company’s products with absolute best service. The leadership of the firm will comprise of the executive management, senior managers, and head of departments who will ensure strategic direction of the business. The company will employ democratic leadership. An open-door policy will be adopted and most decisions will make prior to consulting. The inputs to make a Smartphone that has an excellent phone, camera,  a music player include several sketches as well as wireframes. The sketches will determine the phone’s size, portability, and weight. The team will decide which designs will become prototypes.

Health Insurance Coverage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Insurance Coverage - Term Paper Example In the absence of universal healthcare, which is the prevalent norm in neighboring Canada and other developed countries in Europe, the US faces peculiar problems in the delivery of healthcare services’ as the latter are provided in majority by the private insurance sector and employing agencies. President Barack Obama’s latest ‘Healthcare Reform Bill’ endeavors to bring healthcare services within access of the poorest sections’ of American society, and its provisions already claim that due to its enactment as Law, healthcare services will be available to 95% of the US population, at the same time unburdening the private companies from healthcare expenditure for employees’ insurance (Gabbatt, 2010). Another reform, the ‘Young Adults and the Affordable Care Act’ has been aimed at unburdening families and businesses by allowing young adults to stay on their parents’ healthcare plans until the attainment of 26 years age (HHS, W eb). In addition to the abovementioned national policies on healthcare, individual states are streamlining their healthcare infrastructures in order to make it more accessible to everyone through advances in information technology (IT) and state policies’. ... Such exchanges are speculated to assist individuals and small employees in selecting tailor-made private health plans for individual needs from a single unified platform. The State of Oregon has been awarded an amount of $ 48,096, 307 in order to facilitate the implementation of such an exchange which will cater to the 516,000 Medicaid clients and 277,000 commercial insurance consumers to enroll for health coverage according to the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) (Irving, 2011). Similarly, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services now has access to $ 37, 757, 266 to implement an exchange which will assist state residents to access state based subsidized and non-subsidized health plans from a single platform. The Wisconsin Health department anticipates that this Grant will allow it to make available such services to 35% of the State’s hitherto non served population comprising of 160,000 individuals in the non-group market, a million employees of small businesses, and 770,000 pa rticipants involved in the State’s BadgerCare Plus and Medicaid Programs (Irving, 2011). In Massachusetts, the University Medical School has been awarded a sum of $ 35.591,333 in order to facilitate an IT exchange which will cater to a multi-state consortium involving Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont, along with the parent state in making healthcare plans more accessible and individualized for the residents (Irving, 2011). Voters in Oregon had already disapproved a movement to implement a Canadian-style universal healthcare plan being propositioned in 2003, fearing huge taxes and expressing mistrust in the bureaucracy, which would have assumed enormous powers in case a universal healthcare system had been implemented (Korcok, 2003).

Women and marriages Essay Example for Free

Women and marriages Essay Women and marriages in Restoration comedies are satirised for being based on economic or other considerations rather than love and mutual affection. In the late seventeenth century expectations of women were that they were still meant to respect and be faithful to their husbands, but as R. C Sharma says In the latter half of the seventeenth century, the position of women in England had improved. Though legally they were still subordinate to men, the custom allowed them a larger measure of liberty and equality. In 1662, for the first time professional actress were allowed on the stage, showing that the status of women was improving and as in a lot of Restoration comedies, the heroines reflect an effort by women in Restoration society to both step up from the moral gutter and down from the pedestal. However in Act 1 of the satirical comedy, the views from the men on women are satirised. Act 1 is set at Horners lodgings late in the morning, with the entrance of Horner, the rake and Quack, Horners medical confidant. Later on, other characters enter. Horner, as the main character, shows many a time his opinion on women. He is interested in intelligent women But methinks wit is more necessary than beauty; and I think no young woman ugly that has it, and no handsome woman agreeable with out it. Here he is most probably describing the stereotypical city woman, as the women in The Country Wife have a sophisticated education. This also agrees with how he sees countrywomen, That grave circumspection in marrying a country wife is like refusing a deceitful pampered Smithfield jade. Here he is saying that to marry a country wife, must be as bad as having to turn down a disreputable woman. Women in the Restoration period, especially married women had a severe lack of rights, as on her wedding day, a woman surrendered her rights as a femme sole. As a married women, she was a femme covert. In the Country wife however because the position of women was slowly changing, the women in the play try to assert some control over the men. The men however still inferiorise women and make derogatory comment about them. Mistress are like books; if you pore upon them too much they doze you and make you unfit for company, but if used discreetly you are the fitter for conversation by em. This statement by Harcourt represents the general negative attitude of men in this play towards women, by comparing them to inanimate objects. The women are also referred to as animals by Horner, women of quality are so civil, you can hardly distinguish love from good breeding.

Historical Background Of Hamas Essay Example for Free

Historical Background Of Hamas Essay Terrorism, like wars, threatens humanity. However, there are some intriguing issues that are tied up with terrorist groups without undermining underlying motivations in their formation. For instance, there are definitely causes for their emergence and this is their history. A case in point is HAMAS, an organized group categorized in current time as a terrorist group. This paper will assert to present the brief historical background of Hamas necessarily from four major driving forces namely: leadership and social structure, violence, and external influences. It must be noted however, that due to the limited space and resources, this discourse found some gray areas, controversial ones, that need further documentary research and analysis. From the Arabic â€Å"Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya† is taken the acronym HAMAS, which translates into English as â€Å"Islamic Resistance Movement. † 1 Further, from the same source, the acronym HAMAS is itself an Arabic word which means â€Å"enthusiasm, fire, ardor, fervor, zeal, fanaticism. † Although the movement was organized much earlier, its acronym Hamas came into being in 1987 when it directed its efforts against the Israelis resulting from Intifada. There is consistency in the narrative that the movement emerged to be known as Hamas since it started as an offshoot of Muslim Brotherhood which was founded in Egypt in 1928. 2 However, Richard Sale, a UPI Terrorism Correspondent says that Hamas was legally registered in Israel in 1978. 3 Organizing Hamas was the idea of its spiritual leader Shiek Ahmed Yassin. Accordingly, from the same source, Hamas was not only funded by the oil-producing states but also controversially, both directly and indirectly by Israel. From the beginning of its organization, Hamas was led by its founder and spiritual leader Shiek Ahmed Yassin. He was assassinated on March 22, 2004 by a missile strike of Israel. 4 He was succeeded by Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi immediately but was also assassinated in less than a month on April 17, 2004 by an Israeli airstrike. 5 Because of the tragic experience with reference to the Hamas leadership, the members voted among themselves the next successor without disclosing the name for confidentiality purposes. Still from the same source, it is suspected that Mahmoud al-Zahar is the successor of Rantissi. From the sources read, there was no indication at any point for the existence of power struggle among the members of Hamas in terms of leader selection. Mention however, was made to the fact that Hamas’s membership in the West Bank are coming from various groups with financial resources such as merchants, landowners, officials and professionals, all representing a substantial group in a higher socio-economic status. They dedicated themselves to help the grassroots and disadvantaged members of the Palestinian society. These included charitable services like clinics, kindergartens, and education6, runs schools, orphanages, mosques, health care clinics, soup kitchens and sports leagues. 7 Not stopping at welfare services, Hamas is also a movement that occupied itself with social concerns such as â€Å"exposing corruption, administration of waqfs (trusts) and organizing community projects†. 8 Analysis tells us that Hamas is not a movement that takes upon social struggle for their own survival financially speaking; they reach out to the poorer sectors of society. It is this discussant’s assumption that in spite of the composition of the organization’s membership who could have clashed for leadership, there was no leadership conflict because of the trustworthiness of leadership and the corrupt-free culture of the movement. Its founding leader Shiek Ahmed Yassin (Hamas Had a Long History of Conflict with Israel) was a preacher himself, meaning a religious person, and under his leadership the group did many social welfare and social services at the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Interestingly, Shiek Ahmed Yassin was a quadriplegic who could not move his body or his limbs yet he remained at the leadership of the Hamas until his assassination in 2004. 10 In spite of Yassin’s demise, Hamas gaining popularity among the people grabbed political victory over Fatah in 2006, the party of the late Yasser Arafat and later, of its President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestine Authority. 11 How Hamas became a terrorist group was a consequence of events. It is said that Israel was doing its recruitment of young Palestinians popularly referred to as the Intifada in 1987 and signaled the resort to violence by Hamas. Intifada was the upsurge of anger among Palestinian Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West bank that began in 1987 up to the early 1990s to demonstrate protest against Israel occupation of the two territories. The recruitment was taken by Hamas as collaboration with the Israelis and they used violence by beating those who were working with the Israeli government and later progressed to targeting Israel military then the civilians. 12 From then on, narratives of the Hamas violent and terrorist acts increased to become stories of terror. Buel says â€Å"Perhaps Hamas is best known for recruiting, training and arming suicide bombers. 13 Hamas since then has a countless number of terrorist acts committed highlighted by unthinkable suicide bombings. A number of external forces play significant roles in the Hamas Movement. To cite some, there is Palestine, the United States, the oil-producing states, Israel, the nations next to the borders of Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and recently, Iran. So urces have it that the formation, existence, and â€Å"creation† of Hamas are to some degree also the responsibility of Israel. 14 From the 1970s and on to the 1980s, Israel, like the Arab oil-producing states were supportive both directly and indirectly to Hamas. It was not much of the social welfare functions that Hamas was doing that Israel was supporting them. They had other interests for Hamas. First, Israel’s support to Hamas was an attempt as a â€Å"counterbalance to the PLO† (Palestinian Liberation Organization) spearheaded by the late Yasser Arafat believed to be a leftist, as a â€Å"direct attempt to divide and dilute support for a strong, secular PLO by using a competing religious alternative†. 15 Second, Israeli needed Hamas â€Å"to help identify and channel towards Israeli agents Hamas members who were dangerous terrorists†. 6 Third, Israel wants to deal with the United States as being the only democratic country in the region. 17 The oil-exporting countries are no longer in the picture whether they are still supporting Hamas or not anymore. The countries lying next to the borders of Gaza Strip and the West Bank, directly or indirectly will continue to be affected by the fate of Palestine versus Isra el. The most recent external force is the claim that Hamas is an â€Å"Iranian-backed terrorist organization founded in 1988 with the stated aim of destroying Israel†. 8 This development is a shift from the former reputation of Hamas as a social welfare movement. Iran has come into play in the picture. Hamas’s charter which was published in 1988 opens with the statement â€Å"Israel will rise and remain erect until Islam eliminates it as it had eliminated its predecessors†. 19 Moreover, still from the same source, it is said that the guiding principles of the group â€Å"rejects peaceful efforts to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and calls for the destruction of the State of Israel through jihad, or holy war. Hamas considers all of Israel to be occupied territory. † Hamas started as a charity movement helping the needy and a large sector of the population of Gaza Strip and the west Bank. It was organized as a movement by members of the middle class in Palestine society to address the social needs of the people. Their popularity as a helping movement was translated into their political victory in 2006 over Fatah, the long time ruling party of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Later, it evolved, although still maintaining its charitable nature, to go violent against the Israelis due to the past bloody encounters and experiences they had with the Israelis. For instance, many of the high ranking officials of Hamas were killed by Israelis or their instrumentalities. Hamas as stipulated in their charter stands on its principle that no dialogue will succeed on their differences versus Israel; it is through violence that they will succeed. The United States being the forerunner of democracy and under the new phenomenal leadership of Obama could be a promise of peace or a continued war between Israel and Palestine. As the nations of the world continue to tackle global peace, the rest of us can pray for peace to reign on our only planet, the Earth.

Behavioural Theories of Child Development

Behavioural Theories of Child Development Alyshea Davies Child development and welfare Development and child rearing 2.1 – Explain the extent to which conditioning has been used in the shaping behaviour The method shaping is involved in calculated reinforcement which is behaviour trained to them by the trainer. The trainer rewards them for crude approximations of a desired action. One the trainer then rewards then with a behaviour reward this is one step closer towards their target. As the people/animal reaches each behaviour target the older behavioural rewards are stopped which then help to encourage their process towards their desired behaviour. Shaping uses an operant conditioning to help to train a subject by rewarding them properly for their good behaviour and discouraging their improper behaviour. B.F. Skinner enforces heavily within the reinforcement or punishment so that the successive approximations of certain behaviours. The reinforcement helps to strengthen the behaviour that comes before it, it can either have a positive or negative outcome. Positive reinforcement is the person/animal attaining the access to a reward, whilst the negative reinforcement involving taking something away from the situation. Both positive and negative behaviour encourages reinforcement, punishments on people/animals could have a positive or negative outcome. Positive punishments is an undesirable consequence on the person/animal whereas a negative punishment removed the access to desire a reward. B.F Skinner performed shaping experiments, he experimented on a lot of animals which included rats. He would put the rats into skinner boxes that monitored their behaviour, he would release food for the rats and when the rats initially entered the box skinner would reward the rat. Each reward would increase of the desired behaviour. This have been tested on humans to and has the same reactions. 2.2 – Discuss the appropriateness of behavioural method in terms of effectiveness and ethics A discipline is something that can help a child fit into the real world and be happy and effectively. It helps to develop the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is not being nasty it is teaching and helping to guide children, not forcing them to obey it’s teach them how to live in the real world. Even though they point out unacceptable behaviour of the child, the child should know that their parents do love them and support them they need to be taught between right and wrong. Being a parent is not just about watching a child it’s about raising the child and providing them with all the necessary materials and emotional care that they need also their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Any parent finds that discipline their child is the most difficult but the most important responsibility they have and there are no shortcuts to it. Every parent must teach their child about limits and acceptable behaviour. The main aim of effective discipline so that the child behaviours appropriately so that they will be raised up to be an emotionally mature adult. The main reason for foundation of effective discipline is for respect and how to learn to respect others. All children should be able to respect their parents. Hard discipline such as verbal abuse, shouting or calling your child names will make it hard for your child to respect or trust you as the parent. An effective discipline means a discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way not a hard and angry way. The goal of this is to help and protect a child from danger and to help a child learn self-discipline and develop healthy conscience. But hitting a child hard may lead to them discipline someone in the wrong way, and this could cause another person to become hurt. 2.3 – Critically evaluate the use of power assertion techniques in enforcing restrictions, compare with other psychological methods Authoritarian parents could go over the top and end up hurting a child instead of teaching them what good behaviour is and looks like from reinforcement may be more beneficial as if Bandura is right and kids to copy their parents and could become aggressive as their parents are the people that they look at to and their parents are the child’s role models. The critics of bandura said that any parent may not be the only imitated the child looks up to they could look up to parents, older siblings. So the child is more likely to be copied and consequently a parent beating the child may be imitated. 3.1 – define social learning and relate experimental evidence Albert Bandura has proposed a social learning theory which has become one of the most influential theory’s for learning and developing. Bandura believed that leading a child into the direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning that they need. Behavioural theories of learning suggested that learning of children was the result of associations which were formed by conditioning, reinforcement and punishment. Bandura’s social learning theory proposed that a child learning can also happen simply by watching others and picking up on the stuff they do. This is known as observational learning or modelling. He quoted †¦.. Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. -Albert Bandura,Social Learning Theory, 1977 Bandura done Bobo doll experiments, he said that children learn their behaviour they have watched within other people around them. The children he studied all observed an adult acting very violent towards the Bobo dolls. When the children were playing in the room later on with the Bobo dolls, they were aggressive this is because they watched the adults being aggressive earlier on and they must of fort the behaviour was a normal way to act towards the Bobo dolls. 3.2 – critically evaluate the impact of modelling on child development Children learn appropriate behaviour and learn how to follow rules and emotional attachment with their family also depends on how the child behaves. Children watch their parents say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† and they tend to copy whereas if they did not say it the would copy and have no manners at all and people would label them as â€Å"rude and not polite†. The importance of an adult modelling is that it has an impact on the child’s behaviour. The negative side of child modelling is the adult’s bad behaviour such as using alcohol, tobacco and drugs both illegal and legal. This will teach the children in their eyes that this is right to do, when it’s not alcohol may cause the adult to become aggressive and the child will think that this behaviour is normal and start to act this way towards other people. Conditions Using Novel object to hit the Bebo doll Exhibiting non aggressive actions Model being praised Child 1 from video 1 2 1 Child 2 from video 1 6 0 Child 3 Girl Aged 5 3 2 Child 4 Boy Aged 3 4 0 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 3 2 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 4 1 Model being punished Child 1 Boy Aged 3 2 5 Child 2 Boy Aged 5 1 6 Child 3 Girl Aged 4 0 3 Child 4 Girl Aged 5 0 5 Child 5 Girl Aged 4 1 4 Child 6 Boy Aged 4 2 5 Title A study to investigate whether children learn from observing a model exhibiting aggressive behaviour to a Bobo doll Table of contents NEXT SHOULD COME YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS, WHICH INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS Abstract DO NOT WRITE UNTIL REPORT IS COMPLETE Induction Bandura was a behaviourist he believed that children’s behaviour could be shaped by operant conditioning or through classical conditioning. This would help to improve punishment, negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. Bandura also found that the original theory for this was called â€Å"clumsy† that would of meant that all behavioural problems that would have had to been shaped. If he did not do this he would not of been able to live as we do today now in our complex social societies. Bandura took one step further by testing on Bobo dolls for his experimenting to see how a child behaviour after their parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. This then showed him that the children were aggressive afterwards when their parents left the room and they were left to play with them. Condoning have also been used to help shape animals behaviour and this have also been related to us humans by training us how to say â€Å"thank you and please†. Reinforcem ent is how an adult has the power over a child and how a child is punished in good and bad ways. This helps the child when they are growing up to learn the difference between right and wrong. Aim The aim of this test is to find out do children copy their parents and are they modelled by them. For example, a Bobo doll was used in the test the children watched their patents hit the Bobo doll and become aggressive towards it, and once the children were left alone with the Bobo doll they done the same thing they started to hit the doll and they become aggressive towards the doll. Hypothesis I found the hypothesis was true after the children’s parents were aggressive towards the Bobo dolls and the children were watching them. Once the parents left the room and the children were left to play with the Bobo dolls the children become aggressive towards the dolls like their parents. None of the children were non aggressive towards the dolls. The null hypothesis has no significant difference between condition 1 which is the child who are being praised and condition 2 is where the child is being punished when they are acting aggressive towards the Bobo dolls. Method This was an observation experiment I watched videos and carry out charts to see how the children acted with the Bobo doll after their parents were aggressive with it first. Throughout the independent subject design there was parents and children. The parent was female and was hitting the Bobo doll first then the first child was a boy and the second child was a girl. The apparatus was the video of the parent and children who were aggressive towards the Bobo doll and I had to do a mark sheet (which is above) and write down the aggressive and non-aggressive acts. I also used a stop watch to observe the time used throughout the experiment. Result The results of my descripitive statics, are the graphs and the results of the statistical test that I carried out below: Inferential statistics/ treatment of result I used a parametic test over a non-parametic test because this test helped me to make assumptions about the parameters of population distribution from the charts that are shown on my results, whereas a non-parametic test is one that makes no such assumption. I compared two different groups of participants the one group was the children who was punished after becoming aggressive towards the Bobo doll and the other group was the children who was being praised. After the data I have collected I have decided that the result of treatment is nominal.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Congratulations Class of 2012 on reaching this milestone in your life. You have fulfilled a quantifiable set of requirements, but what did you really learn? You learned a little something about quadratic equations, how to write the perfect English essay, or the causes of the Civil War. Our most important lessons, however, cannot be recited or written down and turned in for a grade. These lessons involve friendship, hard work, love, and dedication. None of us is really smart enough to go at it alone. We are educated by every experience we live, every interest we pursue, every book we read, and every person we meet. We learn from our parents, friends, teachers, co-workers, classmates, teammates, coaches, and people, who although we have never met, touch our hearts with their lives. Education is, perhaps, the only wealth that cannot be robbed. It is the bridge between cultures. Knowledge transcends education; it transcends the walls of this school. No matter what the future holds for you, the little things you learn from other people will have the most impact on your life. O...

Terrorism in Canada: Air India Flight 182 Disaster :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Terrorism in Canada: Air India Flight 182 Disaster The Air India disaster occurred on July 22nd, 1985. It is believed to be the most serious terrorist act that has ever taken place in Canada, claiming the lives of over three hundred people, most of them Canadian. To the present day, the bombings remain a mystery, with only one person charged in connection with the crime. Almost 15 years after flight 182 plummeted into the Atlantic off the coast of Ireland it continues to be investigated by authorities throughout the world, including the RCMP and CSIS in Canada. Sometime in mid-June of 1985, a man with a slight east-Asian accent called the Canadian Airlines international reservations desk in Vancouver, and after a number of inquiries, booked tickets for two flights departing from Vancouver on July 22nd. The first was booked to Narita, Japan in the name of L. Singh, the second, from Vancouver to Toronto, where the passenger M. Singh would transfer to Air India flight 182 to New Dehli, India. A man described as "A bearded Indian male wearing a mustard colored turban ," (www.airindia.istar.ca) paid for both tickets in person, in cash, a few days later. For both lights, luggage was checked under the names of both passengers, but neither party boarded their respective flights. Canadian Airlines flight 003 to Narita, Japan arrived at its destination without incident. However, at 7:13 London time, a suitcase exploded while being unloaded from the plane, killing two baggage handlers and injuring others. The luggage for M. Singh was transferred in Toronto to the Air India flight. At 8:13 London time, the pilot radioed that everything was normal as the plane started it's descent into London's Heathrow Airport. Moments later, the plane exploded, and crashed from an altitude of 31,000 feet into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland. Following the crash, an unprecedented salvage operation took place, in which jet wreckage was recovered from ocean depths that had been previously unexplored. The investigation of the crash revealed the following: Â ¨ the black box recorded a thud, muffled bang and a faint shriek. Â ¨ the pilot tried to send a distress call while he desperately attempted to gain control of the aircraft. Â ¨ fan blades on the engines were not bent indicating the engines were not running when the plane hit the water. Â ¨ One hundred and thirty-one bodies were recovered from the crash site.

Glory :: Movie Film Review Glory Essays

Glory Glory captures the heroism of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the first black regiment in the Civil War, the Massachusetts "Fighting" Fifty-fourth. An extremely talented cast and crew earned three Academy Awards (cinematography, sound and supporting actor) and five nominations for their work in Glory. The outstanding cinematography, sound, score and acting recreate the events leading up to the Union attack on Fort Wagner on July 18th 1863. Matthew Broderick portrays the young Bostonian abolitionist Col. Robert G. Shaw who takes command of the Fifty-fourth, following the Emancipation Proclamation. Shaw along with Cabot Forbes (Cary Elwes) leads a band of ex slaves, servants and other black volunteers including a rebellious runaway slave Trip (Denzel Washington), Shaw's educated childhood friend Thomas Searles (Andre Braugher), and a former grave digger Rawlins (Morgan Freeman). Together these men face the adversity of a racist Union Army, struggling to prove themselves worthy of their government issued blue uniforms. After months of training and exploitation for physical labor, the Fifty- fourth gains the opportunity to fight in an attack on Fort Wagner on the beaches of South Carolina. Poised to dispel the belief that blacks would not be disciplined under fire, the Fifty-fourth leads the almost suicidal attack on Ft. Wagner. There Col. Shaw valiantly falls and the Fifty-fourth, suffering great losses, displayed the courage that persuaded the Union to enlist many more black soldiers. Matthew Broderick delivers a noteworthy performance in the role of Col. Shaw, which Leonard Maltin calls his most ambitious part. In an interview for the New York Times, Broderick spoke of his method acting, "The first step [in preparing for the role of Robert Gould Shaw in Glory] was to try to learn as much as I could about the real person. That was mostly from letters, photographs, descriptions and a poem by Emerson. The thing I had to do was bring myself into that situation. I didn't want to be an imitation of what I thought Shaw must have been like." Broderick's acting talent has been noted on Broadway as well as in films. Broderick won a Tony Award for his performance in "Brighton Beach Memoirs" in 1983, a year after his film debut in Max Dugan Returns. (Maltin, 102) But it was his role as a computer hacker in War Games and his role as a handsome young teen touring Chicago in Ferris Bueller's Day Off that alerted moviegoers to his talent. Denzel Washington has received critical acclaim for his role as Trip (as well as an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor). Denzel commented on the role of Trip in an interview with the New York Times.

Health Development in Africa Essay

Throughout the world there is a growing concern about health as it is regarded as an essential part of the sustainable human development efforts. The growing importance of the health of the population is being highlighted in the economic circles, the foreign policy and the socio cultural settings. During the last 25 years, there has been drastic realization about health issues in the developing nations, which has given them hope of a better future for their children. Africa is one such region where poverty and hunger is widespread. This is the region where health care facilities are underdeveloped due to which many people face death. This paper, therefore, aims to devise and develop an essential health development policy, program and strategy for African region in order to eradicate the poverty. This forms the main thesis of the research paper (Mills, 1995). The role of health development has been gaining importance in the Africa and different countries are assisting the efforts by providing increased resources, which has put huge pressures on the weak health structure, organizational capabilities and workforce in one of the poorest regions of the country. There is a severe lack of planning and management of the health resources in this part of the world which has led to non- implementation of the health plans. The problem in the African region has been largely related to poverty, wars and conflicts, bad governance and non performance of health programs. This region also faces a huge virus of HIV and AIDS which increase the burden of disease (Loewenson, 1993). The domestic and international health polices for Africa have been drafted by international agreements of multiple countries which include Alma Ata Declaration of 1978, World Health Organization’s Bamako Initiative in 1987 and Paris Declaration of 2005, and including many more. The famous Alma Ata, known as the birth of primary health care or PHC, aims to provide a comprehensive and affordable health plan by providing health facilities at the most basic level. However the PHC failed to achieve its targets due to lack of infrastructure and facilities, staff, civil wars, natural disasters and issues of bad governance and corruption. Later various new international policies were tried which included the structural adjustment plan of the World Bank which was based on loans, privatization and cost recovery, however it failed to deliver due to various reasons (Sikosana, 2009). The Bamako Initiative was launched in 1987 which was aimed at access to quality health care and tackle the scarcity of medicine by a number of balanced policies which were implement able and are the perfect health development plan for the impoverished region of Africa. Together with the World Bank 1993 report, both the policies aim at providing the healthcare at the grass root level in order to eradicate poverty (Mills, 1995). The recommendations include improving primary healthcare at all the levels in an equitable manner which should be available to all the people at any income level. Another recommendation includes the decentralization of the management of the PHC to the district level as oppose to the earlier practice which limited the control to few big hospitals which was the reason for corruption and bad governance. The government should ensure equity of fees charged at all levels which would ensure homogeneity of services to rich and poor alike. The government should be highly committed to maintain and expand the PHC program and all the national health policies should be inline to one standard policy. The government should also closely monitor the whole policy implementation process and ensure services to the poor. Sustainable effort should also be made to for poverty alleviation through education, gender equity, improved mother and child health programs and AIDS control programs. For the African health problems, the policymakers should make integrated national plans and strengthen the health systems by empowerment, equity and sustainability of the efforts. The public private partnership is also essential for the sustainability of the strategy (Sikosana, 2009).

Disengagement Theory Essay

When people whether old, young, able bodied or disabled are involved in an activities they known to be engaged in this activity by taking part. But some elderly, able bodied or disabled, don’t like to take part in these activities they are disengaged also knew as disengagement. Back in the early 1960’s two authors by the names of Cumming and Henry put forward a theory about older people being disengaged where they would naturally tend to stay away from activities this was branded as disengagement because They would naturally tend to withdrawn from social involvement with other people of their own age or people around their age. They would be restricted to what they could do in a social care settings, this would be either through ill health, travel, and where they live in regards to then getting an organised event in another town or city. Many of them just retired from their jobs away from family and friends. Back in 1975 the author Cummings put an argument forward that older people would experience a larger reduction in social contact as they grew older, they became increasingly lonely as they withdraw from society and they become less concerned with the expectations of other people. His argument was that it was appropriate and sometime healthy for the older to withdraw from others and disengagement was a natural part of the ageing process. This theory of disengagement has been widely accepted in society in the past. An example of this argument was by an author by the name of Bromley back in the 1970’s he argued the following statement, ‘although some individuals fight the process all the way, disengagement of some sort is bound to come, simply because old people have neither the physical nor the mental resources they had when they were young.’ This theory also fits in with the ‘springboard’ view of life, it also suggest that losing contact with friends, family and other people has an inevitable consequences on the biological decline and also withdrawn from other people is a natural appropriate response to the ageing process. There is also very little statistical evidence that suggest that this is a common or general rule to everyone of an older age. An author by the name of Zimbardo also argued on this disengagement issue in the early 1990’s, his argument was that disengagement view of social ageing has been largely discredited on a number of occasions and reasons. But the majority number of older people do remain socially involved with friends and involved with their family, but the majority of many older people become more involved with close family as they age, this is mainly because they become involved in their grandchildren and great grandchildren lives, and sometimes the majority of them do this, rather than seeking out new friends. Does this also mean that with only interacting with their close friends and family, that these people are disengaged? There are many researchers these days that don’t agree with the disengagement theory. it is also important to remember that when the author’s Cummings and Henry first came up with these theory’s in the early 1960’s there was no internet or text messaging, mobile phones and majority of older people in the 60’s didn’t have access to a car and back in those days most house didn’t have a telephone or television in them let alone a computer or mobile phone, whereas now days most house have a telephone, mobile phone, internet access and a car to travel to see friends and family.

Mkt Research

Assessment activity 1 1. 1   In conducting research on behalf of your organization or for a client organization, what factors could influence the choice of sources used? The intention of the research and also the types of products and services. 1. 2   Why can data and information cross-checks and cross-references be necessary when doing research? It is important not to rely on a single piece of information if you can avoid it, so also look for corroborating evidence unless the source is absolutely unimpeachable.Use reliable sources or cross-check and find supporting data wherever possible. Knowing how data was obtained is central to knowing its value. If the information comes from a survey look to find the sample source and size. Assessment activity 2 2. 1 Scenario: You have been asked to conduct research on behalf of the organization for which you work. Why is desk research the first research you should undertake? Their relative low cost, they can be an efficient use of time and they avoid duplicating research that has already been undertaken by others. . 2 What desk research sources could you use to collect and organize data? Company reports Data from previous research 2. 3 Why should your desk research include the collection and analysis of data relative to the organization’s current and past performance? It will help aid in the development of useful and useable hypotheses, accurately targeting research, designing and developing research tools. There is no point gathering information on the migration patterns of flamingos if the company is in the business of making clothes for the larger male.That is an absurd example, but if there are even subtle diversions between the company mission and your data gathering, you will be off track and have wasted energy and resources. Assessment Activity 3 Describe and explain the reporting formats that you have used or might follow when submitting desk research results. Normally each company has its own template but typically using chart and graphs besides tables and texts is a preferred way in most companies as it is clearer and more quickly understandable. Assessment activity 4 4. 1 Give 3 examples of hypotheses that you have used (or could use) when conducting market research.Salary packaging will increase loyalty and productivy at work Uncontrolled media undermines democratic government Plain packaging will not reduce the sales of cigarette. 4. 2 How do these hypotheses help to focus the research? A hypothesis will help to focus your research. It will help to guide the development of a research project and aid you in determining the direction you need to take and the questions to which you need answers. Assessment activity 5 5. 1 Why might a researcher choose to conduct qualitative research rather than quantitative research?Qualitative analysis provides information on how customers perceive a business, how they rate it in comparison to competitors and whether they plan to buy the organ ization products/services in the future. Also dealing with opinions, attitudes and behavior. 5. 2 Which method/s might be used to collect the data and why would you consider these to be the most appropriate? Processes used to collect customer information can include questionnaire surveys, face-to-face, written, and electronic or telephone survey methods; observational surveys; focus groups; product test results; retail audits.Data can also be collected, via desk research, from government organizations such as the Bureau of Statistics, the Census Bureau, from media companies, chambers of commerce, other research organizations or from university databases. 5. 3 What groups would you target and why? Customers, previous customers, stakeholders are often the target in a research, but it always depends on the information the company requests on its research. 5. 4 Explain what a measure of central tendency is and how it is used in analyzing market research data. Are measures used to locate the middle points of a distribution.The mean (average-obtained from adding all variables and dividing by the number of variables used), median (variable at the centre of the range) and mode (most frequently occurring variables are measures of central tendency). They serve to identify the points between the extremes. As an example, if a survey asked users of a certain product their age, measures of central tendency help to determine the typical age of the user. The youngest might be 10 years and the oldest 70. However, the values in between these extremes are the most useful for the marketer.Knowing that the mean (or average) age is 32, the median 34 and the mode 31, 32 and 35, indicate that typical age of a user is early thirties. Assessment activity 6 Complete the following table Method for collecting your data| Circumstance for choosing this method| Reason for choosing this method| Telephone survey| Large number of responses to a small number of questions required in a short peri od of time. | Efficiency and low cost per response. Responses can be qualified if necessary and data entry is immediate. | Focus group  | Effective when qualitative data is required.Can be expensive but can provide effective results. | Effective results and efficient scribe. | Formal questionnaires  | Inexpensive way to gather responses from a large number of respondents. | Effectively and can gather information to correlate performance and satisfaction among different groups of users. | Simple observational survey| Simplistic methods of conducting market research. | Can provide valuable and useful data. Determine who purchases what from where. | Mystery shopping observation  | Actual experience of the service| Is needed from a trained observer| Product testing  | New product valuation| Opinions for improvement| Informal discussion and feedback forms. | Gives you a simple and quickly answers. | Efficiently way and cheap processes which gives you answers in a short time. | As sessment activity 7 Why is it essential that market research plans demonstrate that they will collect information that will enable clear identification of customer needs, wants and expectations? It can be used to identify problems, strengths, potential markets, needs for change or to forecast sales of new or improved products/services.Customer focus is essential for success in the highly competitive markets of today. It should demonstrate to the organization exactly what is their customers or potencial customers require of them. Assessment activity 8 & 9 8/9a Explain how you might identify respondents for a product/ service survey. You can identify thru some surveys, segments and samples, questionnaires, focus groups and research such as: Geographic segmentation; Demographic segmentation; Psychographic segmentation; Beliefs and values; Lifestyle segmentation; stage of life; 8/9bWhich of the following are relevant in identifying and selecting respondents for marketing research Re spondent Characteristic| On a scale of 1-5 where 1 is important and 5 is not important – rate the importance (circle or make bold or delete unselected #)| A customer|      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| A potential customer|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Not a customer|   1  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  5| Was selected at random| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was a stakeholder| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Required an incenti ve to bother| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was interested| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Had the time and was available| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was someone who disliked the products| 1     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Assessment activity 10Why is preparation of facilities and equipment in readiness for the research procedure important? Preparation is the key to effective data collection. Staff should be fully informed about what is required, must be appropriately trained and must be supplied with the necessary resources. Assessment activity 11 11. 1 Wh at reports might an organization ask to be submitted after the surveying process has been completed? What types of information would the report contain? Written responses, verbal recordings, e-mail, postal results or data and sets of numbers collected as a result of focus groups or testing groups. Information like- numbers of respondents; ease with which respondents were contacted; -ease with which respondents were encouraged to participate; -ease with which respondents were able to use the survey format;   -numbers of responses in various information collection categories; – suitability of the survey questions and other resources; -costs applicable to the survey; – a general assessment of the success of the survey; -problems or issues that were identified during the research   -suggestions for improvements to the research process. 11. 2 How might survey tools be kept confidential and accessible only to authorized people? Safe Locks on door Passwords Assessment act ivity 12 12. What procedures should be followed to check the quality of the data collected during market research? Quality of the data collect will have to be considered and will include: Quantity, Type of responses and Depth of responses. Ask: – Did the survey questions elicit the necessary data? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is there enough significant and useful data to support or reject the original hypotheses? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the respondents properly targeted? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were respondents correctly qualified? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the data useful and does it meet its intended purpose? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can the data be easily analyzed to produce the necessary information? 12. 2 Why are quality checks necessary?The quality of the data should be checked as early as possible because decisions depend on valid and reliable data. Data quality can be assessed in several ways, using dif ferent types of analyses: frequency counts, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and median), normality (skewness, kurtosis, frequency histograms, normal probability plots), associations (correlations, scatter plots). Other initial data quality checks are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Checks on data cleaning: have decisions influenced the distribution of the variables? The distribution of the variables before data cleaning is compared to the distribution of the variables after data cleaning to see whether data cleaning has had unwanted effects on the data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analysis of missing observations: are there many missing values, and are the values missing at random? The missing observations in the data are analyzed to see whether more than 25% of the values are missing, whether they are missing at random (MAR), and whether some form of imputation (statistics) is needed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An alysis of extreme observations: outlying observations in the data are analyzed to see if they seem to disturb the distribution. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparison and correction of differences in coding schemes: variables are compared with coding schemes of variables external to the data set, and possibly corrected if coding schemes are not comparable. Assessment activity 13Select a market research project from your experience or elsewhere. Explain how the data for this project was aggregated and summarised and why it is necessary to summarise the data. Answer is enterprise and experience dependent so use an example: We had done a random sampling with our product which is a Brazilian meat. So we go to a night clubs early night and offer some of our product to customers and give them a sample of our meat and also a voucher which gives them the opportunity to come to our restaurant and enjoy our food with 20 % off discount. So when them coming back to the resta urant we can analyze the number of respondents by noting the number of vouchers collected and wrote a report.Assessment activity 14 Describe software packages or filing systems that could be used to record and manage research data. (Suggest search of www for brand names) SPSS – is a computer program used for survey authoring and deployment, data mining, text analytics, statistical analysis and collaboration and deployment. MS Access – is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. Minitab – is a statistics package. Assessment activity 15 15. 1 Describe a format that might be commonly used in an organization to present research reports. Suggestion: search of www for examples) – Title page – shows name and type of study, date, who produced it and for whom – Table of contents – Executive summary – brief statem ent summarizing reports main points – Introduction – details research projects background and objectives – Research methods – strategies and techniques used and why – Study data – includes all relevant charts, diagrams, tables and study results – Recommendations / Conclusions – Appendices 15. 2 Under what circumstances might you use charts and graphs? Give examples of the data that might be represented by specific chart or graph formats. Most common are graphs, pie charts, tables, histogram, time line.To compare what’s the proposed now and what was the beginning of the research is important to use charts and graphs, also to determine whether the research has highlighted any threats, opportunities, weaknesses, problems associated with the product/service/company under review. 15. 3 Why is it a good idea to utilize charts, graphs and other visual presentations of data? They can easily show results and statistics data also show changes, percentages, compare 2 data sources and make clearly if you need any kind of changes. 15. 4 How can a force field analysis assist in presenting data relative to proposed change and how does market research data contribute to the analysis? In determining whether a change is necessary, list the forces the change and those opposing the change.Balance them against each other to determine the necessary outcome. This is very much like a pro’s and con’s list. It shows whether the forces for or conditions requiring change are greater than those for not changing. It is important to keep in mind that the purpose of the exercise is to make the information clear, unambiguous and easy to understand. 15. 6. To whom might an organizations research report and findings be submitted? Whoever asked for the research and anyone they said to give a copy to. 16: Additional Questions Create two Quantitative questions, one using a scale another using check boxes 1- How useful to you was the orientation session at the College? please circle the number that best represents your opinion) Extremely  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not at all Useful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Useful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2- Did you know that when you recommend the college to someone and they then enroll in a course you can receive a $300 finders bonus? Yes  Ã‚   ____  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No _____ Create two different qualitative questions 1 – Can you describe the orientation session at the college? 2 – How you feel about the money you receive for recommend the college?

Court Visit Report

Court visit report My first court visit was a civil appeal case under the hierarchy of appellant jurisdiction at the Intermediate court and my second visit was a criminal case under the original of criminal jurisdiction at the district court. Both courts are found in Port Louis, Mauritius. The difference between the two courts is that the appellant jurisdiction was already heard in a lower court whereas the criminal jurisdiction was heard for the first time in the lower court.The atmosphere and the surrounding of the courts were nearly the same as both had magistrate seat and desk, advocate seat and desk, benches, microphones, speakers, air conditioning system, witness box, bright lighting system and smoke detector. The differences between the courts were that in the intermediate court there was a computer and in the district court there was an accused box. In the court of appeal, the magistrate; in a black gown behind his desk on the podium, was facing the people.There was a court u sher in a suit who was passing documents and evidences to the magistrate and a formally dressed person in front the computer who was recording the proceedings. Both lawyers in black gowns sat on the first bench. Just behind their lawyers, formally dressed, sat both claimant and defendant. Both the court of appeal and the district court function in nearly the same way. The only difference is that in the latter the accused had no lawyer to represent him and hence he sat with the audience. A quite friendly atmosphere prevailed in both courts.Their ushers gave me the cases’ histories, details and facts. In the court of appeal, the lawyers were exchanging words with their client and I even got the opportunity to interview the claimant, the defendant and even the lawyers. In the district court I interviewed the accused who was sitting next to me and was rather stressed. In each court, when the magistrate came, the people stood up to show respect and remained silent. In the court of appeal Mrs Bibi Fatima Rughoonauth filed a civil suit against the Commissioner of Police for unlawful arrest.In the preceding civil case, she was accused of molesting a police officer on duty as â€Å"lichien (dog)†. When the proceeding started, the witnesses; all police officers in uniform, were individually called by the court usher so as to maintain confidentiality. Each witness went in the witness box and presented himself. The statement of police was read as evidence for cross examination. During interrogation, the magistrate even had to intervene once as the witness was not responding. During her interrogation of the witness, the defendant’s lawyer refuted the points raised by the plaintiff’s lawyer.After the second witness’s interrogation, the third one came and the plaintiff’s lawyer questioned him in such a persuasive and enforcing way that he cracked under the strain and revealed the truth. Due to time constraint, no verdict was given an d the case was postponed. In the district court, Mr Brado Michel Nicolas was prosecuted for breaching the road traffic act (amendment) 2003. The accused had a car accident and went to the police station to give his statement. He gave an alcohol test which came positive. Mr B. M. Nicolas; casually dressed, came in the accused box upon the court officer’s call.He was asked by the magistrate to remove his hands from his pockets as such act caused disrespect to court. The magistrate asked Mr B. M. Nicolas if he pleaded guilty but the latter requested the magistrate if he could hear his statement given in the police station once again. Then a police officer presented himself in front of the magistrate and read the statement of the witness in the witness box. Then Mr B. M. Nicolas pleaded guilty. The magistrate held the accused to pay a fine of Rs 3,100 (three thousand and one hundred Mauritian rupees).According to me it was a fair trial. Changes which I believe would help in maint aining order in the court and also its dignity are as follows: 1. A normal person, unaware of court functioning, should be briefed as when I was there, due to lack of information a witness went in the accused box and had to be guided to the witness box by the court officer. 2. Equipments in such an important and sensitive place as a court should be working properly since during my visit the microphones and speakers were not working and hence the court proceedings could not be heard properly.

Part One Sunday

6.11 A casual vacancy is deemed to have occurred: (a) when a local councillor fails to make his declaration of acceptance of office within the proper time; or (b) when his notice of resignation is received; or (c) on the day of his death †¦ Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition Barry Fairbrother did not want to go out to dinner. He had endured a thumping headache for most of the weekend and was struggling to make a deadline for the local newspaper. However, his wife had been a little stiff and uncommunicative over lunch, and Barry deduced that his anniversary card had not mitigated the crime of shutting himself away in the study all morning. It did not help that he had been writing about Krystal, whom Mary disliked, although she pretended otherwise. ‘Mary, I want to take you out to dinner,' he had lied, to break the frost. ‘Nineteen years, kids! Nineteen years, and your mother's never looked lovelier.' Mary had softened and smiled, so Barry had telephoned the golf club, because it was nearby and they were sure of getting a table. He tried to give his wife pleasure in little ways, because he had come to realize, after nearly two decades together, how often he disappointed her in the big things. It was never intentional. They simply had very different notions of what ought to take up most space in life. Barry and Mary's four children were past the age of needing a babysitter. They were watching television when he said goodbye to them for the last time, and only Declan, the youngest, turned to look at him, and raised his hand in farewell. Barry's headache continued to thump behind his ear as he reversed out of the drive and set off through the pretty little town of Pagford, where they had lived as long as they had been married. They drove down Church Row, the steeply sloping street where the most expensive houses stood in all their Victorian extravagance and solidity, around the corner by the mock-Gothic church, where he had once watched his twin girls perform Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, and across the Square, where they had a clear view of the dark skeleton of the ruined abbey that dominated the town's skyline, set high on a hill, melding with the violet sky. All Barry could think of as he twiddled the steering wheel, navigating the familiar turns, were the mistakes he was sure he had made, rushing to finish the article he had just emailed to the Yarvil and District Gazette. Garrulous and engaging in person, he found it difficult to carry his personality onto paper. The golf club lay a mere four minutes away from the Square, a little beyond the point where the town petered out in a final wheeze of old cottages. Barry parked the people-carrier outside the club restaurant, the Birdie, and stood for a moment beside the car, while Mary reapplied her lipstick. The cool evening air was pleasant on his face. As he watched the contours of the golf course disintegrating into the dusk, Barry wondered why he kept up his membership. He was a bad golfer: his swing was erratic and his handicap was high. He had so many other calls on his time. His head throbbed worse than ever. Mary switched off the mirror light and closed the passenger side door. Barry pressed the auto-lock on the key-ring in his hand; his wife's high heels clacked on the tarmac, the car's locking system beeped, and Barry wondered whether his nausea might abate once he had eaten. Then pain such as he had never experienced sliced through his brain like a demolition ball. He barely noticed the smarting of his knees as they smacked onto the cold tarmac; his skull was awash with fire and blood; the agony was excruciating beyond endurance, except that endure it he must, for oblivion was still a minute away. Mary screamed – and kept screaming. Several men came running from the bar. One of them sprinted back inside the building to see whether either of the club's retired doctors was present. A married couple, acquaintances of Barry and Mary's, heard the commotion from the restaurant, abandoned their starters and hurried outside to see what they could do. The husband called 999 on his mobile. The ambulance had to come from the neighbouring city of Yarvil, and it took twenty-five minutes to reach them. By the time the pulsing blue light slid over the scene, Barry was lying motionless and unresponsive on the ground in a pool of his own vomit; Mary was crouching beside him, the knees of her tights ripped, clutching his hand, sobbing and whispering his name.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Research Paper Example The advancement in technology can promote or facilitate this functioning by introducing new ideas. Innovation is the key. This means that different synergies can come into play and promote the creation and adoption of new applications (Birman 201). This paper will examine the networking and distributed systems applications and identify how they assist IT in performing basic functions. Detail study of networking and distributed systems A set of machines that are networked together ensure that these applications run smoothly. This network works to attain a common objective or goal. Through the use of networks and distributed systems, the exchange of data is made possible and much easier. All the components present perform their functions as required. They all work to provide services to users and at whatever time they need these services. Networking enables other technologies to take centre stage in the running of operations (Birman 207). Online entertainment is one example of what net working is capable of offering users. Distributed systems allow for the study of computer components. The coordination patterns in the collection are identified and studied through the distributed systems. There is a need to have detailed infrastructure in the creation of these components. All the applications protect the user’s delicate information (Birman 209). This feature was not available in the past as user information was easy to find if the right knowledge was put to task. Nowadays, it takes more than hitting the right keys to access a user’s information. Advantages of networking and distributed systems One of the advantages that these applications offer IT is an avenue to use more speed and accuracy in daily activities. In the past, this was not as easy as it is in present time. They were more expensive and tough to maintain than they are presently. These applications are more common nowadays as individuals are willing to use them to approach different areas i n their fields of work. Tasks can now be completed simultaneously through these applications. Calculations may also be carried out without many problems occurring in the system. They offer users quality in the work they are chosen to carry out and they are reliable (Birman 212). A likely advantage that needs to be taken into account for these applications is their predictability. The memory and real-time focus of these applications offer users enough time to concentrate on the tasks present and finish them without fear of losing data in case of power or system failure. The infrastructure that is used in putting these applications together is capable of fostering cooperation between all the components present. This collection of components prepares the user for anything that might prove tough to an ordinary system. This advantage makes the applications efficient, reliable and fast in this ever-expanding technological world (Birman 257). Problems the applications face One of the main problems these applications face is the inadequate techniques and methods that are used to manufacture and control these systems. Single processes are what are used in many cases. This makes the system lack the quality that is required of such performance components. Stringent performance requirements are meant to lead to the creation of distributed systems that are of high quality. However, this is not usually the case when it comes to the said

Essay Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Proposal - Essay Example Sims (71-2) observes that androids are so human like in tehir behaviour that they cannot be distinguished by a naked eye. The probelem is that we may have androids that mimick human behaviour and may be used for destructive purposes. This is perharps what Winkler (517) and Forrester (51) had in mind when he observed that almost all of the American heroes in folrklore were dubious charcters and it is shuddering to think of what such charecters can do if they had the power, considering that we have no control over how they may turn out. Having the ablcne of power in the circumstances partially aided by ‘tools’ that can kill quicky, and the circumstances, they find themselves in position of influence. But it is perharps the story of the ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ that should warn us given that holders of technology may rarely be challneged, and infact may be trusted by those they want to destroy (Perrault). But technology is niot all that bad. While Sutton and Sutton (231) observes that science represents man’s curiosity about his destiny, something he wishes it to occur, and indeed, through technogy that brings out the creativity in man, his dreams about his destiny become achieveable (Barlow 108). Barlow, Aaron. "Loss in the Language of Tomorrow: Journeying Through Tuscon on the way to Usher II." Gloria, McMillan, Donald Palumbo and C.W. Sullivan. Orbiting Rays Bradburys Mars: Biographical. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc, 2013. 105-116. Sims, Christopher A. "The Danger of Individualism and the Human Relationship to Technology in Philip K. Dicks Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep." Science Fiction Studies (2009): vol. 36 no.1 pgs.