Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Memoir of Erik Erikson Erik Hamburger Erikson conceived in 1902 Frankfurt, Germany. He never knew his organic dad. A couple of years after Erie's introduction to the world, her mom took him to a neighborhood Jewish pediatrician, Dry. Theodore Hamburger for a treatment of minor disease. His mom and the pediatrician in the long run began to look all starry eyed at. He immediately built up a feeling that something wasn't right his mom and father were Jewish his own physical appearance was unmistakably Scandinavian. Later on he found reality with regards to his legacy, his character emergency was declined. Dismissing his stepfather's supplication to become physician.He went to Europe and tried out craftsmanship school and anxious to find out about culture and history. He got back at 25 years old arranged to settle down and show craftsmanship professionally. Erikson was asked by his previous secondary school companion Peter Blobs to Join him as an instructor in Experimental Nursery school in Vienna where he met Anna Freud and her well known dad Sigmund Freud. Anna Freud was attempting to change over psychoanalytic enthusiasm for youth encounters of grown-up. Erikson shared her spearheading premium and was in the end prepared by her as a youngster analyst.Erikson was as yet uncertain to acquire his living a psychoanalyst since still needed to paint and draw. In any case, he started to see an association among analysis and craftsmanship. He saw that kids' fantasy and play include significant visual pictures that solitary later are converted into words in treatment. Ideas and Principles Erosion's position speaks to a deliberate augmentation of Fraud's perspective on the job of conscience in character working. Erikson is a Freudian sense of self therapist. Erikson recommended that inner self regularly works autonomously of id feelings and motivation.Ego capacities to assist individual with adjusting to difficulties introduced by the encompassing. Self image Psychology E mphasized the coordination of natural and psychosocial powers in assurance of character working. Epigenetic Principle that human improvement is represented by a grouping of stages that rely upon hereditary or inherited elements This guideline says that we create through a foreordained unfurling of our characters in eight phases. Our advancement through each stage is partially dictated by our prosperity, or absence of accomplishment â€Å"crisis†, in all the amends stages.Crisis characterized as the significant period in each stage. Temperance â€Å"inherent quality or dynamic quality' human characteristics or quality rise up out of effective goals of emergency. Psychosocial Development: Stages of Ego Development Stage Basic Conflict Virtue Important Events Outcome Infancy (birth to year and a half) Trust versus.. Question HOPE Feeding Children build up a feeling of trust when parental figures give unwavering quality, care, and friendship. An absence of this will prompt quest ion. Youth (2 to 3 years) Autonomy versus.. Disgrace and Doubt WILL Toilet TrainingChildren need to build up a feeling of individual power over physical abilities and a feeling of autonomy. Achievement prompts sentiments of self-governance, disappointment brings about sentiments of disgrace and uncertainty. Preschool/Play Age (3 to 5 years) Initiative versus.. Blame PURPOSE Exploration Children need to start stating control and control over the earth. Achievement in this stage prompts a feeling of direction. Youngsters who attempt to apply an excess of intensity experience objection, bringing about a feeling of blame. Young (6 to 1 years) Industry versus.. Mediocrity COMPETENCE SchoolChildren need to adapt to new social and scholarly requests. Achievement prompts a feeling of skill, while disappointment brings about sentiments of mediocrity. Youth (12 to 18 years) Identity versus.. Job Confusion FIDELITY Social Relationships Teens need to build up a feeling of self and individual pe rsonality. Achievement prompts a capacity to remain consistent with yourself, while disappointment prompts job disarray and a powerless feeling of self. Youthful Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy versus.. Disconnection LOVE Relationships Young grown-ups need to shape private, cherishing associations with different people.Success fathers to solid connections, while disappointment brings about forlornness and separation. Center Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generatively versus.. Stagnation CARE Work and Parenthood Adults need to make or sustain things that will outlive them, regularly by having kids or making a constructive change that benefits others. Achievement prompts sentiments of convenience and achievement, while disappointment brings about shallow association on the planet. Maturity(65 to death) Ego Integrity versus.. Despondency WISDOM Reflection on Life Older grown-ups need to think back on life and feel a feeling of fulfillment.Success at this label prompts sentiments of shr ewdness, while disappointment brings about lament, harshness, and sadness. Qualities and Weaknesses of Erik Erosion's Theory Strengths Comprehensiveness It delivers itself to wide assortment of wonder both typical and anomalous and looks to natural, social, social and chronicled factors. Heuristic Value Within Psychology, Erosion's work has contributed straightforwardly to life expectancy brain research and the advancement of grown-up brain research. Applied Value Erosion's work has pragmatic effect in the region of kid brain science and psychiatry, guiding, training and social work.Weaknesses Male Bias Erik Erikson explained psychosocial stage portrays the existence cycle signs of white, western culture and may not have any significant bearing great to different societies or even to our own today/present time. Disintegration's sure result, (for example, self-governance, activity, industry) ethics, (for example, will, reason and skill) are much of the time seen as attributes of soli d male turn of events. What's more, his negative ones, (uncertainty, blame and mediocrity) are viewed as reflecting undesirable female turn of events. Cruising's investigations of young lady and ladies' advancement propose distinctive positive qualities develop in sound

Theories Actually Seen in Practice in Ojt

Appraisal of the OJT/Practicum Program A. New information, mentalities, and aptitudes obtained I took in the streams and exchange in the Government procedure. However, the majority of the work includes papers in procedural manners. The getting and discharging of update is exceptionally fundamental such that influences the progression of the work and it ought to be submitted at the very latest cutoff time, so as the require information. As I was open to this condition, it very little unique with the ventures at schools, terms papers that have cutoff time and obviously you should comprehend what you have on those papers since you may be question for it. B. Speculations really found practically speaking In Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), the network and customer administration exists in principle, however by and by there are not many authorities who work in it. They have magnanimity hypothesis and giving great intensions for its great yet some absences of training as a result of its labor. However, they have a decent objective towards it. C. Input that can be given to the organization or foundation The crucial vision of the organization is extraordinary, it truly mirror the necessities of the Filipino resident particularly to the adolescent. It offers professional courses that can assist the young with finding work or develop their own business. In that manner, it will diminish the number of inhabitants in jobless people. Be that as it may, as I watch, the handling of its exchange and others are some of the time deferred because of numerous incomplete exchange. The laborers are negligible, and the works are surpassing its ordinary specialist. It prompts lopsided proportion of work, they absence of labor. On the off chance that lone they have a lot of laborer or authorities that solitary work to explicit employment at once, they can render its administration with most extreme secrecy and exchanges will be process on schedule. And furthermore with their specialist, a portion of the laborers don’t accomplish quickly their work, they will simply hold up until the cutoff time is close. Furthermore, when it is nearly the cutoff time, that’s the time they will keep an eye on the work, at times lead to numerous eradication and mistakes of information they put on their reports. The outcome, a portion of the exchange will be postponed on the grounds that the laborer will be invalid right now. D. Advantages picked up The things or information that I picked up from working in Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is that the administration work isn't excessively simple. It has many structure and techniques that must be followed before it is done or actualized. It will go under perception and studies before it is endorsed from the leader of the organization. That’s why, it will takes months or even a long time before it is practice, a few of us citizen’s whine why it’s not actualized legitimately, or done right away. The incomes, the cash that are apportioned to its particular undertaking. It must exchange altogether, since they will address it, even a solitary penny that is absent to information. They are extremely cautious with it, particularly when the leaders of the office will direct unnoticed visit to direct investigation for the incomes report they have. E. Issues experienced They are different issues that I experience inside the main month I work in, yet the vast majority of them are rehashed activities; blunder in logging the getting letters and discharging, mistake in checking the database in the enlistment and terminal report against the database, blunder in picking up the phone and errors in placing a few information in the records room. Yet, I defeat these issues, on the grounds that it’s simply the regular old schedule each day, so I effectively change and recall my mistakes.

Essay Collections to Read this Winter

Essay Collections to Read this Winter Ive always (well, maybe not always) loved essays. I fancy myself an essay writer (if not a good one). I am not someone who loves short stories, but a good essay collection is always welcome on a bus ride or in the 20 minutes I have between classes. But until recently I wasnt a great essay reader: I would read the poppy collections of comedic women (Mindy Kaling, Lena Dunham) and the (wonderful) collections of my favorite authors: Frantumuglia by Elena Ferrante, The Common Reader by Virginia Woolf, and Mystery and Manners by Flannery O Connor. But hadnt read so many of the essential essay collections. But this fall, I finally read How to Write a Thesis by Umberto Eco. I needed more Eco. Im excited to read his fiction, but I really wanted to engage more with his criticism and non-fiction writing. So I picked up How to Travel With a Salmon. After reading Ferrante, I became more and more interested in the Italian academic and publishing world. Eco only increased this interest: So I took to amazon and ordered collections by Natalia Ginzburg and Calvino. I loved them both. But I read these collections quickly and I wanted more. What follows are the essay collections that people on facebook, on twitter, or listicles and reddit forums have recommended as must reads. I hope you enjoy reading them as much as I have. Slouching Towards Bethlehem by Joan Didion. Ive always known I should read this. I love The Year of Magical Thinking. Ive even gifted this book. But I never got around it: I was always scared that Didions essays would make me dislike her, particularly after reading her depictions of the South. But it really is a classic of its form. Ill never feel about California like Didion does, but thats ok.  Montaigne. I was skeptical (partially because the only affordable edition has a rather ugly cover) but I am SO glad I picked this up. Montaigne was the creator of the modern essay PLUS his writing on books (primarily the classics) is so relevant, especially in lieu of the new Odyssey translation. Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation. I know. I have been living under a rock. I knew I needed to read Sontags essay, but I had never gotten around to it. Plus I just wasnt sure. I loved reading about books. Did Sontag write about books? The answer is yes. Listen to the lists. Read Susan Sontag. A Collection of Essays by George Orwell. Ive had quite a enough of dystopic fiction lately, as we are living in one after all. But Orwells essay are wonderful-meditations on war and education and life as a writer. If youve only read what was assigned to you in high school, Orwells essays will give you a new perspective on the writer. Frantumaglia by Elena Ferrante. If you love Ferrante, you will love this collection. Its long, but perfect for reading in chunks. The Common Reader by Virginia Woolf. Need I say more? Its Virginia Woolf. How to Travel With a Salmon by Umberto Eco. Did you know that Eco was hilarious? I must have missed that message. Anything by Natalia Ginzburg is wonderful, particularly her essays on writing and family. Recently collected in a pretty NYRB collection, Elizabeth Hardwicks essays are wide ranging and lovely. If you, like me, love Sylvia Plath and have read her journals and letters and poetry and The Bell Jar, maybe give Johnny Panic    a go. Its worth it. Albert  Murray. Have you read Albert Murray? I feel like he gets far less attention than some of his contemporaries (ie James Baldwin) but its such a shame. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Race Of The Confederate - 1234 Words

Discussion The findings did not fully support our hypothesis. It does not appear that race impacted the reaction from the participants. This means that the race of the confederate did not significantly affect the level of the participant’s response to the spatial invasion. However, closeness significantly affected the negative reaction as White female students reacted more to a confederate sitting directly next to them than one seat away. The interaction between race and closeness was trending towards significance. Students would react more to White confederates when sitting next to participants than minority, but they would react more to minority confederates when sitting one seat away from them. The fact that there is no main†¦show more content†¦How the participants regarded the situation also would have greatly impacted their reactions. Felipe Sommer (1966) found that when spatial invasions occur, if the participant thought they were the subordinate, then they were drastically more likely to accommodate then to defend their territory. Similarly, Barash (1973) found that only the dominant of the two made demands for increased space. Although White women have more influence than minority women, these White students may see their minority peers as having more power. Due to Tulane’s new policies in respond to race issues, there is more aware of racial tensions, which could show White students that minority ones have more influence on campuses. If they saw the situation in this way, it would make sense why they would react more to White confederates than minority ones when sitting directly next to them. This dominance may actually have been increased by White students fear of being perceived as racist by their peers. Alexander Tredoux (2010) found that many White students reported anxiety in being regarded as racists. If this is true, then that would only increase the perceived dominance of minority women, since they would be too anxious to react to their spatial invasions. This does not necessarily mean these White students are actually racist. Spanierman et. al (2012)Show MoreRelatedTaking Down The Confederate Flag1577 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 9, 2015 FA1 Debate Draft Taking down the Confederate Flag The confederate flag, a topic that has been the center of controversy for many years now, is an emblem of southern pride and heritage to some, while to some it is purely a symbol of hate and racism. After the shootings in South Carolina, it is clear that the flag should be taken down. Since it represents white supremacy and inequality and not Southern pride. The confederate flag, one of the most controversial image of the AmericanRead MoreRacism And The American Civil War963 Words   |  4 Pagesas someone who believes their race is the superior race. 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Be Careful Not to Plagairize Essay - 666 Words

According to the Harvard Guide to Use Sources, it is considered plagiarism if you use a language or report and turn it in as your own without appropriately crediting the sources used. On the sources that you used to gather information, if you can not locate the author, make sure to scroll down and look everywhere for an author. If you cannot locate an author, make sure that you appropriately cite the website in your bibliography. Although it may seem obvious, while you use the Internet to gather information, you need to be extra wary about where you gathered your information because you can mistakenly plagiarize. Although it may have been a mistake, you still take the consequences because you DID commit plagiarism and there is nothing†¦show more content†¦An extremely helpful way to avoid mosaic plagiarism is by keeping track of your ideas and the ideas that you have gathered from your source(s). It is advisable to write down the ideas that belong to you and the ideas that y ou have gathered through your research on separate papers labeled differently. Inadequate paraphrasing is also an easy way to commit plagiarism. In order to paraphrase, you need to change more than just a couple of words. When you re-write it, if it is too close to the original, then you are plagiarizing. According to the Harvard Guide of Using Sources, while you write your paraphrased statement, it may help if you put away the source that you used. If you can not express the meaning you are intending to convey, you can write the authors statement in verbatim and put the statement in quotation marks and apply the appropriate citation. Next, you will learn about an Uncited Paraphrase. When you paraphrase another persons sentence or article, that information still belongs to them even though you paraphrased it. It is not adequate to just source your material, but you also have to cite the source even if you have paraphrased extremely well because the idea(s) still belong to the author (s). A rule of thumb is that if you did not come up with the idea(s) yourself, you need to cite the source because you were not the person who introduced that piece of article which means you need to use the appropriate citations. Very similar to an Uncited

The Emergency Management Planning Process - 1305 Words

Life is full of unexpected disasters as well as calculated ones. As a whole, society cannot account for all disasters that will occur nor can we successful eliminate the results of these disasters. That’s why in most advanced societies there are people in place to manage and or monitor natural disasters. These people are in charge of the planning process and execution of emergency management systems or operations. They are essentially the people responsible for ensuring that when a disaster whether natural or acts of fate occur the effect on the community or society as whole is minimal. The emergency manager or planner is to follow a strategic planning process that encompasses a variety of aspects including but not limited to a†¦show more content†¦The first step in the emergency process as stated in the introduction is to form a collaborative planning team that will take the emergency situation head on. The team must understand emergency planning as well as the ability to collaborate on an intellectual level with other team members. Each member must have the same goal as well as objective. These objectives include providing safety for people, property as well as facilities. The members must be comprehensive, which includes provisions to assess the severity of potential hazard. The team will then move on to take steps to eliminating the disaster or problem. In conclusion, the collaborative planning team must understand the four fundamental theories of disasters. This serves to develop the most effective plan or process for disaster relief. The four fundamental theories of disasters include acts of fate or God, acts of nature or natural disasters, joint effects of nature and society and social constructions. Although each disaster take on a different persona, the collaborative planning team can learn from past emergency situations to aide in the understanding of the situation. 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Palawan, Philippines free essay sample

Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the western sector opposite the Visayan region. The main island, Palawan lies between the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea and the size is 450 kilometres long and 50 kilometres wide. It is composed of long and narrow islands plus a number of other small islands surrounding the main island. The Calamianes Group, to the northeast consist of Busuanga Island, Culion Island and Coron Island. Durangan Island almost touches the western most part of Palawan, while Balabac Island is located off the southern tip, separated from Borneo by the Balabac Strait. In addition, Palawan covers the Cuyo Island in the Sulu Sea. The disputed Spratly Islands, located a few hundred kilometres to the west is considered part of Palawan, locally called, â€Å"Kalayan Group of Islands. † During the ancient times (some 22,000 years ago) waves of migrants arrived from Borneo as confirmed by some anthropologists in the Philippines and by way of land bridges between Borneo and Palawan. We will write a custom essay sample on Palawan, Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They were known as Aetas and Negritos, Palawan’s Batak tribe descended, other tribes too like Palawano and Tagbanwa. Chinese traders came also to Calamian group, Chinese artifacts are found. In the 12th century, Malay settlers came by boats. These people planted rice, ginger, coconuts, sweet potatoes, sugarcane and bananas and raised also pigs, goats and chicken. Most of their activities were hunting and fishing. They had a dialect consisted of 18 syllables. Later the Indonesians followed and brought with them Buddhism and Hinduism. Because of Palawan’s proximity to Borneo, the southern portion of the island came under the rule of the Sultanate of Brunei. Trade flourished and intermarriages among the natives, Chinese, Japanese, Arab, Hindu. The result is the breed of Palawenos, both in physical and features. Palawan was named, â€Å"Land of Promise† by Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan’s chronicler in 1521. The northern part of Palawan (the Calamianes Islands) were ruled by the Spaniards who later sent Spanish friars to Cuyo, Agupaya, Tatay and Cagayancillo but met resistance from the Moro communities. Before the 18th century, Spain had built churches inside the garrisons and defended them against the Moro raids. By 1858, Palawan was divided into two provinces, namely Castilla, the northern part with Tatay as its capital and Asturias as the southern sector and Puerto Princesa as its capital. Later, Palawan was divided into three districts, Calamianes, Paragua and Balabac with Principe Alfonso as its capital. After the Filipino-American war (1899-1902) the American established civil rule in northern Palawan, calling it Paragua. In 1903 to follow the Philippine commission Act No. 1363, the province was organised to include the southern portions and renamed Palawan and Puerto Princesa declared as its capital. Many reforms in projects were introduced later and constructure of schools, promotion of agriculture and bringing people closer to the government where the top priorities during the era. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines on Dec. 14, 1944, 150 US prisoners of war were herded by General Yamasita’s troops into 3 covered trenches and set them on fire, burning the screaming prisoners alive. The heinous war crime was committed in order to prevent the p. o. w. s from being rescued by the advancing Allies. Some who escaped the fire were shot down. Only 11 men survived the slaughter. This massacre was published into a book, recently entitled: Last Man Out: Glenn Mctole, USMC survivors of the Palawan Massacre in WW II by Bob Wilbanks. In Palawan you’ll find fauna and flora similar to that found in Borneo. Among the many endemic species are Palawan Peacock-Pheasant, Philippines Mouse-deer, Philippine Pangolin and Palawan Bearded Pig. The forest and grasslands are alive with the songs of more than 200 kinds of birds. Over 600 species of butterflies flutter around mountains, attracted to some 1500 host plants. Endangered sea turtles nest on white beaches. Dugong (sea cow) population are getting less too. The Community Centred Conservation organisation and other institutions are trying to put a stop or end of the unsustainable use of marine resources in Palawan and in the Philippines. Palawan was cited by National Geographic Traveler magazine as the best island destination in the East and Southeast Asia region in 2007 and the 13th best island in the world having â€Å"incredibly beautiful natural seascape and landscapes. † Renowned under water explorer Jacques Cousteau has described the province as having one of the most beautiful seascapes in the world and Caril Ridley, founder of PEMS says the islands of Northern Palawan are destined to become a future destination for Asia’s growing economic and environmental conferencing. Some of Palawan’s favorite sites, Boayan Island, nearby the Calauit Game Preserve and wild sanctuary of exotic African Animals and endangered endemic animals of Palawan. The reserve was established on Aug, 31, 1976 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1518. Coron Reefs, Coron Bay, Busuanga Seven lakes surrounded by craggy limestone cliffs attract hundread of nature lovers to Coron Reefs in northern Palawan, near the town of Coron. Busuanga Islands main Town is Coron, is the jump-off point for many dive operators. The principal dive sites are 12 WWII Japanese ship wrecks sunk on Sept, 24, 1944 by US Navy action. From novice divers to snorklers and vocational divers and to experienced TEC divers all are offered exciting wreck exploration. The aquatic views from the sunken Japanese war ships off Coron Islands are listed in the Forbes Traveler Magazine’s Top 10 best scuba sites in the world. Dive operators offer courses in day diving, snorkeling trips and overnight dive safaris. Live-aboard and charter boats also offer diving in the area. El Nido Marine Reserve Park, Travel and Leisure (2008 issue) listed EL Nido Lagen Island and EL Nido Miniloc Island resorts as â€Å"conservation-minded places on a mission to protect local environment. † Malampaya Sound Land and Seascape Protected Area are located in the municipality of Tatay, this important ecological and economic zone is a watershed and fishing ground and the habitat of Bottle-nosed and Irrawaddy dolphins. Puerto Princesa Subterrean River National Park, features a large limestone karst landscape with an underground river. One of the rivers characteristics features is that it emerges directly into the sea and its lower portion is subject to tidal influences. The area also represents the significance habitat for biodiversity conservation. This site contains a full â€Å"mountain-to-sea† ecosystem and has some of the most important forest in Asia. Ursula Island, this game refuge and birds sanctuary is located near the municipality of Brooke’s Point in southern Palawan. The islet is a migratory and wintery ground for shore birds and sea birds. Safety and security for the visitors, locals and tourists are maintain by the Armed Forces of the Philippines –Western Command in Coniyaran and the Philippine National Police-Palawan Command with headquarters in Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa. Military units in the province under the Western Command are the Philippine Air Force 4th Naval District IV, Delta Company and 10th Marine Battalion Landing Team located in Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa. Excellent health facilities and medical staff are provided by the government and private centres. As for communication, 4 telecommunication companies provide local and international direct distance and fax services. There are 19 post offices and a number of Cargos for warders for air parcels and flight services.

What Is Standard Deviation free essay sample

One feature of the standard deviation that distin ¬guishes it from a variance is that the standard deviation is expressed in the same units as the raw data, whereas the variance is expressed in those units squared. The meaning of standard deviation is more readily understood from its use. Although the standard deviation and the variance are closely related and can be computed from each other, differentiating between them is important, because both are widely used in statistics. What is a standard deviation? What does it do, and what does it mean? The most precise way to define standard deviation is by reciting the formula used to compute it. However, insight into the concept of standard deviation can be gleaned by viewing the manner in which it is applied. Two ways of applying the standard deviation are the empirical rule and Chebyshev’s theorem. †¢The empirical rule is an important rule of thumb that is used to state r/. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Standard Deviation? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page v approximate per-centage of values that lie within a given number of standard deviations from the mean of a set of data if the data are normally distributed. The empirical rule is used only for three numbers of standard deviations: 1? , 2? , and 3?. †¢The empirical rule applies only when data are known to be approximately normally distributed. What do researchers use when data are not normally distributed or when the-shape of the distribution is unknown? Chebyshevs theorem applies to all distribu ¬tions regardless of their shape and thus can be used whenever the data distribution shape is unknown or is non-normal. Even though Chebyshevs theorem can in theory be applied to data that are normally distributed, the empirical rule is more widely known and is preferred whenever appropriate. Chebyshev’s theorem is not a rule of thumb, as is the empirical rule, but rather it is presented in formula format and there ¬fore can be more widely applied. Chebyshev’s theorem states that at least 1—1/K2 values M ill fall within  ± k standard deviations of the mean regardless of the shape of the distribution. The sample variance is denoted by s2 and the sample standard deviation by s. The main use for sample variances and standard deviations is as estimators of population variances and standard deviations. Because of this, computation of the sample variance and standard deviation differs slightly from computation of the population variance and standard devi ¬ation. Both the sample variance and sample standard deviation use n 1 in the denomina ¬tor instead of n because using n in the denominator of a sample variance results in a statistic that tends to underestimate the population variance. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

The Life of Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy

The Life of Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy The science of astronomy is one of humanitys oldest sciences. No one knows quite when the first people looked up and began to study the sky, but we do know that very early people began noting the sky thousands of years in the past. Written astronomical records were recorded in ancient times, often on tablets or walls or in artwork. That was when observers began charting what they saw in the sky. They didnt always understand what they observed, but realized that the skys objects move in periodic and predictable ways. Claudius Ptolemy with an armillary sphere he used to predict solstice dates and other celestial sights. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Claudius Ptolemy (often called Claudius Ptolemaeus, Ptolomaeus, Klaudios Ptolemaios, and simply Ptolemeus) was one of the earliest of these observers. He systematically charted the sky to help predict and explain the motions of the planets and stars. He was a scientist and philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt nearly 2,000 years ago. Not only was he an astronomer, but he also studied geography and used what he learned to make detailed maps of the known world. We know very little of Ptolemys early life, including his birth and death dates. Historians have more information about his observations since they became the basis for later charts and theories. The first of his observations that can be dated exactly occurred on March 12, 127. His last recorded one was February 2, 141. Some experts think his life spanned the years 87 – 150. However long he lived, Ptolemy did much to advance science and appears to have been a very accomplished observer of the stars and planets.   We get a few clues about his background from his name: Claudius Ptolemy. Its a mixture of the Greek Egyptian Ptolemy and the Roman Claudius. Together, they indicate that his family was probably Greek and they had settled in Egypt (which was under Roman rule) for some time before his birth. Very little else is known about his origins.   Ptolemy, the Scientist Ptolemys work was quite advanced, considering that he didnt have the types of tools that astronomers rely on today. He lived in a time of naked eye observations; no telescopes existed to make his life easier. Among other topics. Ptolemy  wrote about the  Greek geocentric view  of the universe (which put Earth at the center of everything). That view seemed to quite nicely put humans at the center of things, as well, a notion that was hard to shake until Galileos time. Ptolemy also calculated the apparent motions of the known planets. He did this by synthesizing and extending the work of Hipparchus of Rhodes, an astronomer who came up with a system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain why Earth was the center of the solar system. Epicycles are small circles whose centers move around the circumferences of larger ones.  He used at least 80 of these tiny circular orbits  to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time. Ptolemy expanded this concept and made many fine calculations to fine-tune it.   This drawing by astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini was influenced by the epicycles that Ptolemy refined by his mathematics and observations of the sky. public domain This system came to be called the Ptolemaic System. It was the linchpin of the theories about objects motions in the sky for nearly a millennium and a half. It predicted the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, but it turned out to be wrong and too complicated. As with most other scientific ideas, simpler is better, and coming up with loopy circles wasnt a good answer to why planets orbit the way they do.   Ptolemy the Writer Ptolemy was also a prolific writer in the subjects and disciplined he studied. For astronomy, he described his system in his books that make up the  Almagest (also known as Mathematical Syntaxis). It was a 13-volume mathematical explanation of astronomy  containing information about the numerical and geometrical concepts behind the motions of the Moon and known planets. He also included a star catalog that contained 48 constellations (star patterns) he could observe, all with the same names that are still in use today. As a further example of some of his scholarship, he made regular observations of the sky at the time of the solstices and equinoxes, which allowed him to figure out the lengths of the seasons. From this information, he then went on to try and describe the motion of the Sun around our planet. Of course, he was wrong because the Sun does not orbit Earth. But, without more knowledge of the solar system, it would have been very difficult for him to know that. However, his systematic approach to charting and measuring sky events and objects was among the first scientific attempts to explain what happens in the sky. The Ptolemaic System was the accepted wisdom about the motions of the solar system bodies and the importance of Earth in that system for centuries. In 1543, the Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric view which put the Sun at the center of the solar system. The heliocentric calculations he came up with for the movement of planets were further improved by Johannes Keplers laws of motion. Interestingly, some people doubt that Ptolemy truly believed his own system, rather he merely used it as a method of calculating positions. A page of Ptolemys Almagest translated and reproduced by Edward Ball Knobel. public domain   Ptolemy was also very important in the history of geography and cartography. He was well aware that Earth is a sphere and was the first cartographer to project the spherical shape of the planet onto a flat plane. His work, Geography  remained the principal work on the subject until the time of Columbus. It contained amazingly accurate information for the time and given the difficulties of mapping that all cartographers raced. But it did have some problems, including an overestimated size and extent of the Asian landmass. Some scholars think that the maps Ptolemy created may have been a deciding factor in Columbuss decision to sail west for the Indies and ultimately discover the continents of the western hemisphere. Fast Facts about Ptolemy Not much is known about Ptolemys early life. He was a Greek citizen living in Alexandria, Egypt.Ptolemy was a cartographer and geography, and also worked in mathematics.Ptolemy was also an avid skygazer. Sources Claudius Ptolemy, www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm.html.â€Å"Claudius Ptolemy.†Ã‚  Ptolemy (about 85-about 165), www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ptolemy.html.â€Å"Notable People.†Ã‚  Who Was Claudius Ptolemy, microcosmos.uchicago.edu/ptolemy/people.html.? Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Steamboal Bill. Jr Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Steamboal Bill. Jr - Movie Review Example This movie is a silent comedy thriller produced in 1928 by Charles Reisner featuring Buster Keaton and he has written the story along with Carl Harbaugh. It is a story about William Canfield (Steamboat Bill) who is a captain owning ship and is awaiting his son to come and join his business who has finished his graduation. But to his dismay, his son arrives with his lover who is the daughter of his business rival King. Steamboat gets jailed for misconduct and his son tries to save him from jail but end up in the middle of the cyclone storm. The storm strikes down building and the wind buffet Steamboat bill Jr. He takes shelter under a tree and it gets uprooted and he land up at the waterfront. Then he gets chance to show his manlihood and ends the rivalry between William and King and save all of them from the accident. The story has a theme of rivalry and triumph of a son. The story has a focus on the rivalry between Canfield and King and which led both the people in trouble. This is also the reason why Canfield hesitates for the marriage between his son and lover. The other theme being the delicate triumph of son over his father where he saves his father and his rival from an accident. It is good to see that the movie has lush scenery which makes the movie a pleasant watch. The movie has a good measure of sympathy and suspense. The different episodes of the movie are depicted discreetly and this enhances the drama of the movie. The special effects of the movie are note worthy as the picturization of storm was technically flawless. It was realistic and added to the technical quality of the movie. The stunts and special effects were inventive and wildly inventive. The Keaton played as a good protagonist with his athletic expression and comedic physicality. Keaton’s stunt shots are immortal .The movie had romance, action and humor. The camera angles of the movie were interesting and there was an innovative

The Death Penalty for Drug Offences in Saudi Arabia A violation of Essay

The Death Penalty for Drug Offences in Saudi Arabia A violation of international human rights law - Essay Example Approximately two hundred years ago the history witnessed a war between the China and the United Kingdom on this issue. The drug barons in the different parts of the world caused higher number of casualties in the exchange of fire du between the drug dealers and the law enforcing agencies. To combat with this menace effectively, countries are focusing and funding on educating people, taking preventive measures and treatment program to save their future generation (Worldwide Drug Laws, 2012). It is a matter of fact that the United States of America today known as the largest illicit drug consumable country of the world. The American law enforcers, despite of their best efforts yet to see the desired results to weed out illicit drug consumption from its administrative jurisdiction and in the jurisdiction of other parts of the world. It is interesting to note that Americans while chasing the goose, sometimes even don’t mind to respect the boundaries and sovereignty of the indepen dent states. In this respect we may quote here the examples of Middle Eastern, South Asian and the African countries (Worldwide Drug Laws, 2012). In some parts of the world harmful drug control policies are strictly and rigidly enforced. Take the example of Malaysia and Thailand wherein the possessor of illegal drugs gets imprisonment of 15 to 20 years. Some countries are even more rigid in the drug policies they enforced. In Malaysia and Thailand possession of illicit drugs can result in 15 to 20 years in prison. In the mentioned countries, drug trafficking / distribution of illegal drugs amongst the users amounts to capital punishment in the shape of death sentence. The Indonesians are not far behind in awarding death sentence to drug traffickers irrespective of locals or foreigners. For the last seven years the Indonesian awarded ten Australians death penalty on the charge of drug smuggling into Indonesian territory (Worldwide Drug Laws, 2012). Death Penalty for Drug Offenders wo rldwide Hundreds of drug offenders met death penalty every year by rigidly enforced drug control laws. In this respect, we see two extreme scenarios i.e. increased executions and reduced moratorium. There are number of countries that have dropped death sentences whereas the other countries recommend death penalty to combat this menace effectively (IDPC, 2010). We have the best example in awarding death sentence to drug offenders are Malaysia and Singapore where many people in the yester years put to death on illicit drug related crimes. The exemplary punishment given to the law breakers helped above countries to reduce the number of crimes. Amongst 32 states, we have witnessed capital punishment on committing drug related crimes in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia and China in the shape of death sentence. Although the majority of the European Scholars thought it to be the capital punishment for the drug offenders and a flagrant violation of international human rights law (IDP C, 2010). Due to best reasons known to the Chinese, China kept secret its statistics of death toll to the world. The exemplary punishment awarded to the drug offenders somehow proved instrumental in reducing the narcotics concerning crimes although much work to be done for its complete eradication (IDPC, 2010). Iran is no exception to it. In Iran such offences are unavoidable and attract

Key Points Of Adam Smith David Ricardo Economics Essay

Key Points Of Adam Smith David Ricardo Economics Essay The classical writers of the eighteen and nineteen century when offering definitions of their science expressed themselves about the nature of the economic in two distinct ways. They could define the subject known as political economy. Or having defined the political economy as the science of wealth, they could proceed to set forth the nature of that wealth with which it was maintained that economics is concerned. (Israel M. Kirzner, The Economic Point of View, p 13). The earliest classical economist adopted the description of the economic side of affairs in terms of wealth, but developments narrowed down the concept of wealth to the idea of material wealth of mankind. The attitude toward the utility of economic inquiries in elevation of wealth became an object of scientific study. Investigations that aims finding the means of enriching people and the sovereign; discovering laws of governing and to make the nation wealthy. From the beginning alternative suggestions were made by the e conomists themselves about what should and what should not be included under the heading of wealth. Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776, explains that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called invisible hand. He argued that self-interested competition in the free market would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. An often-quoted passage from The Wealth of Nations is: It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.(Adam Smith, p.  18). Smith believed that economic development was best fostered in an environment of free competition. Smith saw no role for government in economic life but believed that the government should enforce contracts and grant patents and copyrights to encourage inventions and new ideas. He also thought that the government should provide public works, such as roads and bridges that, he assumed, would not be worthwhile for individuals to provide. Interestingly, though, he wanted the users of such public works to pay in proportion to their use. Value theory was important in classical theory. Smith wrote that the real price of one thing is the labor and difficulty of acquiring it as influenced by its scarcity. Smith also believed that the main cause of prosperity was increasing division of labor. It would affect a great increase in productivity, one example he used was the making of pins. One worker could probably make only twenty pins per day. However, if ten people divided up the eighteen steps required making a pin, they could make a combined amount of 48,000 pins in one day (Adam Smith, ch. 1). Smith claimed that an individual would invest a resource-for example, land or labor-so as to earn the highest possible return on it. Consequently, all uses of the resource must yield an equal rate of return (adjusted for the relative riskiness of each enterprise), otherwise reallocation would result. Smith used this insight on equality of returns to explain why wage rates differed. Wage rates would be higher, he argued, for trades that were more difficult to learn, because people would not be willing to learn them if they were not compensated by a higher wage. Similarly, wage rates would also be higher for those who engaged in dirty or unsafe occupations, such as coal mining and butchering. In short, differences in work were compensated by differences in pay. David Ricardo another classical economist wrote his famous work Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, (1817). Ricardo continued to work on value theory (ch. 1). He explains the labor theory of value that the relative price of two goods is determined by the ratio of the quantities of labor required in their production. He demonstrates that prices do not correspond to this value; he retained the theory, however as an approximation. His labor theory of value, however, required several assumptions: 1- both sectors have the same wage rate and the same profit rate; 2- the capital employed in production is made up of wages only; 3- the period of production has the same length for both goods. Ricardo himself realized that the second and third assumptions were quite unrealistic and hence admitted two exceptions to his labor theory of value: 1- production periods may differ; 2- the two production processes may employ instruments and equipment as capital and not just wages, and in very different proportions. In his book, Ricardos concept of rent is laid out. Due to variation in scarcity of land, some land pays a higher monopoly value due to its scarcity than other land. Ricardo labels Rent as the portion of individual benefit, that accrues to scarce, resources such as land or gold or houses that is over and above any socially beneficial exchange (ch. 2). If all land were equally situated, however scarce, one could determine that all market exchange of the produce thereof was free and equal and that the exact value of the trade was conveyed simultaneously to both parties and to society. Ricardo extrapolates the problem of monopolistic rent to other situations/resources that are fundamentally scarce: land or gold. Like Adam Smith, Ricardo was also an opponent in the field of a nations trade protectionism policy. In this book Ricardo introduces the theory of comparative advantage (ch. 28). According to this theory, even if a country could produce everything more efficiently than another country, it would reap gains from specializing in what it was best at producing and trading with other nations. The benefits of comparative advantage are both distributional and related to improved real income. Ricardo believed that wages should be left to free completion. . Another idea developed by Ricardo is Ricardian EquivalenceArtComComputers2010-09-04T09:20:00 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_equivalence#Introduction, is an economic theory that suggests consumers internalise the governments budget constraints and thus the timing of any tax change does not affect their change in spending. Consequently, Ricardian equivalence suggests that it does not matter whether a government finances its spending with debt or a tax increase, the effect on total level of demand in an economy being the same. Ricardo believed that in the long run, prices reflect the cost of production. The price of an object is determined by the sum of the costs of the resources that went into making it, and referred to this long run price as a Natural price. The natural price of labor was the cost of its production that cost of maintaining the laborer. If wages correspond to the natural price of labor, then wages would be at subsistence level. In his Theory of Profit, Ricardo stated that as real wages  increase, real profits decrease because the revenue from the sale of manufactured goods is split between profits and wages. He assumed in his Essay on ProfitsArtComComputers2010-09-03T16:28:00 http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ricardo/profits.txt, 1815 that profits depend on high or low wages, wages on the price of necessaries, and the price of necessaries chiefly on the price of food. We will treat the economic definitions of another classical writer John Stuart Mill in his writing Essays on Some Unsettled Questions on Political Economy, 1844 as below. -If a country produces both commodities with greater facilities or both with greater difficulty in exactly the same degree, then there will be no motive for exchange. On the other side if they have advantage in producing some commodities, then through commerce the nations can benefit both if each one will specialize in producing those commodities. So a country, by devoting all inputs in the production of goods which their advantage is greatest and give for exchange to the foreign country, would obtain a greater return from labor and capital. But in what proportion the two countries would share the advantage of trade? The problem is concerning about of proportion of goods in exchange, thus exchangeable value or price, regulated by the demand and supply to respective importing and exporting countries. The costs of carriage, tariffs, and taxes are deductive to gain advantage. So two countries would have equal shares of benefit of trade if cost of transportation and other barriers would not exist, otherwise the gross gain is divided in unequal ratio. So a country through the legislative policy can affect the benefits from foreign commerce. As conclusion we may say that a country gains most from the foreign commerce as much as are the foreign needs for its products (Essay I: On the Laws of Interchange Commercial Between Nations and Gain of Commerce Among of Commercial World). A great and rapid consumption leading to an extensive demand, fast circulation and big spending of money was conceived to be the great conditions of prosperity. But consumption is of two kinds: reproductive and unproductive and the first augments to the national wealth while the second weaken it. What is consumed for unproductive is gone for present enjoyment, but what is consumed for reproductive consumption leaves commodities of equal value, commonly with addition of a profit (Essay II: Of the Influence of Consumption on Production). -The phrases productive labor and productive consumption has been used by writers of political economy considering all the labor which serves for useful purposes and consumption which is not waste- in a limited sense productive of wealth. When it is uncertain to which of the two classes (productive and unproductive) an object belongs then should be distinguished characteristics and usage of it. All workmen that work in producing or giving value to things and functionaries positions who have invested to their skills are included in productive labor. The settled classification definitions were used for determining their consequences in economy. A country is enriched in proportion to the amount of the productive labor and consumption and impoverished in proportion of unproductive labor and capital (Essay III: On the Words Productive and Unproductive). -Profit is the surplus which remains to the capitalists after replacing his capital in a gain purpose process. The rate of profit depends on the ratio between the price and proportion of labor, materials, tools and the produce of them; upon the proportionate share of the produce of industry. David RicardoArtComComputers2010-08-11T16:32:00 On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 said that profits depend upon wages: it increases when wages fall and decreases when wages rise. When he says rise of wages it is meant an increase in the cost of production of wages or an increase in the number of hours. So as we can see it is strictly true, that the rate of profits varies inversely with the cost of wages. Rate of profit can increase if: there is an increase of population beyond the capital; improvements in labor efficiency and new entrance successive technologies. The producer, who borrows capital to employ in his business, will pay for the use of it (the interest). There are variations in the market-rate of interest from day to day establishing the actual rate from the movement of demand and supply. The rate of interest has the increase tendency if there is a big demand, low supply, low security individual loan or industry and specific situations. The difference between the profit which can be made by the u se of capital and the interest which will be paid for it is characterized as wages of superintendence (for the risk and labor for carrying business). Interest and wages of superintendence are in the same inverse relation as wages and profits are (Essay IV: On the Words Profit and Interest). -Adam SmithArtComComputers2010-08-11T17:39:00 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. gives a definition that Political Economy is a science which teaches or gives the means and laws of making a nation rich. It has included individual decisions connected with the ideas and feelings in man- forming part of a union or aggregations. John S. MillArtComComputers2010-08-11T17:53:00 Essays on Some Unsettled questions of Political Economy. gives another more complete definition of Political Economy: -The science which treats of the production and distribution of wealth so far as they depend upon the laws of human nature, or -The science relating to the moral or psychological laws of the production and distribution of wealth. Under the influence of this desire it shows operations of: accumulating wealth, employing that wealth, producing other wealth under the influence of competition, governed by laws, sanctioning by mutual agreements, establishing laws etc. The science proceeds to investigate the laws which govern several operations on acquisition of wealth (Essay V: On the Definition of the Political Economy and on the Method of Investigation Proper to it).

Robert Keith Millers Discrimination is a Virtue, Elizabeth Cady Stantons Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions :: Eva Hoffmans Wanderers by Choice

Robert Keith Miller's Discrimination is a Virtue, Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, and Eva Hoffman's Wanderers by Choice Robert Keith Miller wrote Discrimination is a Virtue to clarify the definition of discrimination and how it is suppose to be used. The correct definition of discrimination is the ability to tell differences. He is saying that Americans use this term in more of a negative form, when they should be defining their actions as prejudice. He uses several examples to show this difference, which also grabs the reader’s attention. He explains that when you discriminate, you should be able to tell the difference between things and know what each needs. In other words, he is trying to say we should be as open-minded as possible, â€Å"but not so open-minded that our brains fall out.† However, Americans use the word discriminate by making others appear lower than themselves, and thinking less of them because they are lower. This should be recognized as prejudice. This essay makes discrimination very clear and shows how it should be used in American society. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions in order to convince the men her time that women should be equal and have the right to vote. She uses the Declaration of Independence to attract readers which makes it much easier for her to explain her purpose. She is trying to explain that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, depriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.† Her purpose is clear; she takes the time to show how wrongly men of this time treated women and what should be done to resolve that. She explains that women should have the right to vote and have other responsibilities in government. She shows other examples from the Declaration of Independence and resolutions on how to make man and woman equal. She is trying to show how important it is to create a balance between genders and how each can learn from each other.

Management Information System at Dell

Management information system involves the information system and the organization. MIS begins where computer science ends. Computer scientists deserve accolades for developing and delivering even more advanced forms of information technology: hardware technology; software technology; and network technology. Yet because no technology implements itself, there is more to MIS than just information technology. MIS has dimensions. The four interrelated dimensions of MIS are as follows: First, MIS involves not just information technology, but also its instantiation; second, MIS involves, as reactive and inextricable elements, both an information system and its organizational context; third, MIS involves information technology as a form of intellectual technology; and fourth, MIS involves the activities of a profession or corporate function which are integral to the essence of what MIS is (Currie & Galliers, 1999). Dell Computer Corporation: Company Background Dell Computer Corporation is a major manufacturer of personal computers, computer peripherals, and software. Among the leading producers of computers in the world, Dell sells its products directly to customers through the Internet and mail-order catalogs rather than through retail outlets. The company is based in Round Rock, Texas. At Dell Computers, customers are brought into the product planning and manufacturing processes, with all employees encouraged having contact with customers. Through effective collaboration across boundaries, ideas can be shared about product designs and value propositions. The result is faster and more customer-focused product and service innovation. To produce the capacity for this, considerable attention must be placed on organizational structures, processes, skills and culture. Such elements may need a radical overhaul in established companies (Dennis & Harris, 2002). Dell was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell. In 1983, during his freshman year at the University of Texas, he bought excess nventory of RAM chips and disk drives for IBM personal computers from local dealers. He resold the components through newspaper advertisements at prices far below retail cost. By 1984, his sales totaled about $80,000 a month. In April 1984, Dell dropped out of school to launch his company (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003). The new company soon began manufacturing its own IBM-compatible computers under the name PCs Limited. Because Dell sold computers directly to users through advertisements in magazines and catalogs, the company could price its machines lower than those sold through retail stores. Sales reached nearly $6 million during the company’s first year, climbing to $34 million the following year. By 1987, Dell was the leading mail-order computer company in the United States. In that year, it created a sales force to target large corporations and began adding international offices to capture the direct-mail market outside the United States (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003). While the company continued to grow rapidly; Dell experienced a series of setbacks that hurt profits. In 1990, the company began selling computers through retail stores, an effort it abandoned in 1994. In 1991, Dell launched a line of notebook computers, but quality problems and inadequate production planning forced the company to stop selling for a year. In 1994, Dell launched a new line of notebook computers and expanded efforts to increase overseas sales. Dell also began focusing on the market for servers, which used the computers to run local area networks. By the late 1990s, Dell was firmly in place as the world’s number one direct seller of computers. More than 50 percent of the company’s computer sales transactions took place via its website, which generated worldwide sales in excess of $40 million a day (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003). Information Processing Tools Information processing or Data processing is the analysis and organization of data. It is used extensively in business, engineering, and science and an increasing extent in nearly all areas in which computers are used. Businesses use data processing for such tasks as payroll preparation, accounting, record keeping, inventory control, sales analysis, and the processing of bank and credit card account statements. Engineers and scientists use data processing for a wide variety of applications, including the processing of seismic data for oil and mineral exploration, the analysis of new product designs, the processing of satellite imagery, and the analysis of data from scientific experiments (Thierauf, 1978). Data processing is used extensively in business, engineering, and science and to an increasing extent in nearly all areas in which computers are used. Data processing is divided into two kinds of processing: database processing and transaction processing. A database is a collection of common records that can be searched, accessed, and modified, such as bank account records, school transcripts, and income tax data. In database processing, a computerized database is used as the central source of reference data for the computations. Transaction processing refers to interaction between two computers in which one computer initiates a transaction and another computer provides the first with the data or computation required for that function. Most modern data processing uses one or more databases at one or more central sites (Thierauf, 1978). Transaction processing is used to access and update the databases when users need to immediately view or add information; other data processing programs are used at regular intervals to provide summary reports of activity and database status. Examples of systems that involve all of these functions are automated teller machines, credit sales terminals, and airline reservation systems (Thierauf, 1978). The information processing tools that Dell uses include computers, the internet, maps, spreadsheets, models, and databases. For the operational level of Dell, the most appropriate tool for information processing is maps. Through the said information processing tool, decisions on how to operate the organization can be initialized and made. Maps can be used to determine which country/place information will be acquired from, it can also assist in determining the demographic level of people and information will be gathered. Maps can be in the form of charts that can also provide necessary information. The information gathered in turn can assist in helping to decide how an organization will be operated. For the tactical level of Dell, the most appropriate tool for information processing is databases. Through the said information processing tool, the records that can assist in finding out the strength and weakness of the company can be used to determine the tactic that will be used by the organization. For the strategic level of Dell, the most appropriate information processing tool is the internet or World Wide Web. Through the internet, trends and strategies by other companies can be known. After analyzing the trends and strategies used by other companies, an appropriate strategy can be formulated to use by the organization. Inventory control systems Individual businesses need, first and foremost, an efficient inventory control system. This implies the minimum amount of inventory that will provide the consumers with what they need whenever and wherever they need it. Effectiveness of the inventory system means basically having an inventory mix that is most likely successful in satisfying consumer needs (Samli & Sirgy, 1995). The inventory control systems used by Dell is up to date and reliable to prevent problems to arise. The inventory system of Dell makes sure that anything the consumer need will be available to them at any given time. It is also what the company uses to know if certain products are still available or misuse of the inventory system may cost problems to the company. Conclusion Management information system involves the information system and the organization. Dell benefits a lot from the management information system. The system helps the company create strategies that will help the company conquer any problems and threats from competitors. The system also assists the company in processing the needed information. Management Information Systems also helps a company to create or update its inventory control system. Recommendations Since the MIS of a company is a vital part of its operations and its survival in the modern world, it must be well updated and it must compete well with MIS’s competitors. The MIS of a company should be created from high standards so that it can be of stiff competition against its counterparts. The MIS system should help the company to achieve its goals and assist the company in reaching its potential

Ap World History Compare and Contrast Essay Egypt vs....

Unit 2 Anonymous Civilization. The word â€Å"civilization† comes from the Latin term for â€Å"city.† The first civilizations were the river-valley civilizations, so-called because they all developed alongside major rivers to secure an adequate water supply for agricultural production. 2 of the greatest river-valley civilizations were Mesopotamia and Egypt. All though they both supported having a patriarchal leader or king, Egypt had a strong, centralized government, whereas Mesopotamia was decentralized, and built based on small city-states operating independently. In both societies, the patriarchal leaders were influenced by religion tremendously. For example, in Egypt, all the citizens believed that not only did their pharoah have†¦show more content†¦This can be seen in Egyptian artwork, which is described as cheerful, colorful, and lively. Because there was only one leader in Egypt, there were governors in many key areas of the empire. However, a consistent problem seen in Egypt is the pawning of rulers, in which the priests always played a huge role in society and controlled the pharaoh. When looking at other civilizations most notably Caliphate, the caliphs were pawned by military and religious leaders, which ultimately lead to the downfall of their empire. Mesopotamia was a decentralized civilization, and resulted with many rulers leading the many city-states within the empire. Due to the many wars occurring within, kings were originally war leaders, and the function of defense and war, including leadership of a trained army, re mained vital. Due to being many rulers within the empire, there were many internal conflicts, let alone the outside ones, which resulted in Mesopotamia further advanced its empire by developing ideas for a bureaucracy and laws, by using Hammurabi’s code. It laid down the procedure for law courts and regulated property rights and duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes. This focus on standardizing a legal system was one of the features of early civilization. Also, the political structure there was enforced by none other than the Sumerians, which can be seen in many similar ideas and traits passed on today’s modernShow MoreRelatedArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pagescivilization back any further #61607; All started around same time #61607; Alls started independently #61607; Mesopotamia Ââ€" present day Iraq • Earliest Cradle • Around 4,000BC #61607; Egypt • Around 3,000BC #61607; Southern India • Around 3,000BC #61607; China • Around 2,800BC • Composed of two separated and distinct cradles of civilization • Chapter 2 Ââ€" Egyptian Art o Egypt Ââ€" Latin named coined by Romans o Around 2,800-2,200BC o Originally divided into tow separated kingdoms #61607;